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What an RMD is and which accounts have one
An RMD is the minimum amount federal tax rules require you to withdraw from certain retirement accounts each year. The rules generally apply to traditional IRAs and employer-sponsored plans such as 401(k), 403(b), and 457(b) plans, as well as SEP and SIMPLE IRAs. The exact treatment depends on the account and whether you are the original owner or a beneficiary.
Roth IRA owners generally have no lifetime RMDs. Owners of designated Roth accounts in employer plans also generally have no lifetime RMDs under the current rules described in the IRS’s 2026 Internal Revenue Bulletin. That lifetime treatment does not mean an inherited Roth account is exempt from beneficiary distribution rules.
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Use this distinction as a first check before estimating a withdrawal:
| Account situation | General RMD treatment | Important qualification |
|---|---|---|
| Traditional IRA, SEP IRA, or SIMPLE IRA owned by you | RMDs generally apply. | The still-working delay generally does not apply to these IRA owners. |
| Employer plan, such as a 401(k), 403(b), or 457(b) | RMDs generally apply. | A qualifying employee may generally delay until retirement, subject to plan rules and the 5% owner exception. |
| Roth IRA owned by you | No lifetime RMD generally applies. | Beneficiary distribution rules may apply after your death. |
| Designated Roth account in an employer plan, owned by you | No lifetime RMD generally applies under current rules. | Beneficiaries may still have distribution requirements. |
| Inherited retirement account | Distribution requirements depend on the account and beneficiary circumstances. | Do not apply the original owner’s schedule or aggregation rule automatically. |
This is a federal overview, not a substitute for checking the account’s plan terms or the rules for the relevant tax year. A plan may have administrative procedures that affect how its RMD is calculated and paid.
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When your first RMD is due
For many owners, the first RMD is for the calendar year in which they reach age 73. The IRS’s Retirement Plan and IRA Required Minimum Distributions FAQs state that general starting point. The first payment may generally be postponed until April 1 of the following year. Later annual RMDs are due by December 31 of each year.
That first-year option changes timing, not the amount due for the next year. For example, if your first RMD is for 2024 and you postpone it until April 1, 2025, your 2025 RMD is still due by December 31, 2025. You would therefore receive two RMDs during 2025: the postponed 2024 distribution and the 2025 distribution. Because RMDs from pre-tax accounts are generally taxable income, compare the two timing choices against your expected income for each year rather than assuming postponement is automatically beneficial.
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Age depends on your birth-year cohort
Age 73 is not a universal starting age for every current or future retiree. The IRS’s 2026 Internal Revenue Bulletin says the age-73 rule applies to individuals who attain age 72 after December 31, 2022, and attain age 73 before January 1, 2033. It says age 75 applies to individuals who attain age 74 after December 31, 2032. Those statutory transition rules are birth-year-sensitive; check current IRS guidance for your own cohort rather than assuming that every younger owner starts at 75.
Still working for an employer plan
If you are still working, you may generally be able to postpone RMDs from your current employer’s plan until retirement, subject to that plan’s rules and the 5% owner exception. This potential delay is not generally available for traditional, SEP, or SIMPLE IRA owners. Do not assume that working for one employer postpones distributions from every plan you own: verify which account is covered by the delay and what the plan permits.
This is one reason to separate an employer plan from an IRA even when both contain retirement savings. The plan’s terms and the still-working rule may affect when a distribution is due, while an IRA owner generally cannot use that employer-plan delay. Ask the plan administrator whether you qualify, which plan balance is covered, and when the plan expects payment. Keep the answer specific to the plan rather than treating employment status as a blanket extension for all retirement accounts.
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How to estimate the amount
The usual owner calculation is:
RMD = prior-year December 31 account balance ÷ applicable IRS distribution-period factor
Use the balance at the close of business on December 31 of the preceding year and the factor from the applicable IRS life-expectancy table. The factor depends on the owner and beneficiary circumstances. An estimate is only as sound as the balance, account classification, age, and table selection behind it.
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- Identify the account and tax year. Separate your own traditional IRA from an employer plan, a Roth account, and any inherited account. These categories do not all use the same deadlines or distribution rules.
- Confirm the year-end balance. Obtain the account’s December 31 balance for the year before the RMD year. Check whether a prior-year rollover or another adjustment affects the balance used; do not substitute the current balance for the required prior-year figure.
- Choose the applicable table and factor. The Uniform Lifetime Table is generally used for an owner unless the owner’s sole beneficiary is a spouse more than 10 years younger. In that circumstance, the joint-and-last-survivor table is generally used. Beneficiary calculations follow other rules and tables.
- Divide the balance by the factor. Apply the factor for the relevant year and circumstances to the correct prior-year balance. The result is the annual minimum for that account, subject to applicable adjustments and rules.
- Verify the result before taking money out. Publication 590-B (2025) includes the IRA worksheet and life-expectancy tables. For an employer plan, ask the administrator how it calculates the plan’s distribution and confirm the amount and deadline.
A single dollar estimate cannot be reliable without confirming the applicable tax year, account type, December 31 balance, age, beneficiary facts, any relevant rollover or adjustment, and current table. If any of those details are uncertain, resolve them before treating a calculator result as the amount you must withdraw.
For an owner using the Uniform Lifetime Table, the spouse exception is narrow: the spouse must be the sole beneficiary and more than 10 years younger. If that is not the beneficiary arrangement, do not select the joint-and-last-survivor table just because a spouse is listed on the account. Beneficiary calculations have their own rules, so a surviving spouse or another beneficiary should not automatically use the ordinary owner worksheet. Publication 590-B (2025) is the IRS reference for the IRA worksheet and applicable life-expectancy tables.
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Which accounts can satisfy an RMD together
Aggregation is a limited convenience, not a general rule that lets you take all RMDs from whichever account is easiest. You generally calculate each IRA’s RMD separately, but may take the combined IRA amount from one or more of your IRAs. A 403(b) owner may also aggregate across 403(b) contracts. RMDs from other employer plans, including 401(k) accounts, generally must be taken separately from each plan.
| Accounts held by the same owner | General aggregation treatment |
|---|---|
| Traditional IRAs, including applicable SEP and SIMPLE IRAs | Calculate each IRA’s RMD, then the total may generally be withdrawn from one or more of the owner’s IRAs. |
| 403(b) contracts | The owner may generally aggregate across 403(b) contracts. |
| 401(k) and other employer plans | RMDs generally must be taken separately from each plan. |
| Inherited accounts | Separate beneficiary-specific restrictions apply; the owner’s IRA aggregation rule should not be assumed to apply. |
Before consolidating withdrawals, confirm that both the source and destination accounts qualify for aggregation under the current rules. A shortfall in one plan is not necessarily cured by taking an extra amount from an unrelated plan.
Aggregation can simplify the number of transactions, but it does not eliminate the need to calculate each account’s RMD. For example, if you have several IRAs that qualify for aggregation, determine each IRA’s amount first, add those amounts, and document which IRA paid the total. Do not extend that approach to a 401(k) or inherited account without confirming that the specific rules permit it. The IRS’s FAQ and current Form 5329 instructions distinguish these account situations.
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How RMDs are taxed and when a charitable gift may count
Withdrawals from pre-tax retirement accounts are generally included in taxable income. The IRS recognizes exceptions for amounts attributable to previously taxed basis and qualifying tax-free treatment, so the full gross distribution is not necessarily taxable in every case. The RMD is a required withdrawal amount, not a statement of the tax owed on it.
A qualified charitable distribution (QCD) from an eligible IRA may count toward an RMD when the eligibility and execution requirements are met. The IRA trustee must send the payment directly to an eligible charitable organization. A payment you take personally and later donate is not the direct-transfer process described for a QCD.
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QCD eligibility includes age and annual-limit rules that can change or depend on the tax year. Check the current IRS Publication 590-B for the applicable age and limit before arranging a transfer. Confirm with the IRA trustee that the organization and payment method qualify, and keep documentation of the transaction.
Do not assume every charitable gift is a QCD or that every retirement account can make one under the rules described here. The details matter: the distribution must come from an eligible IRA, the trustee must send it directly to an eligible organization, and the applicable eligibility and annual-limit requirements must be met. If the transfer is intended to satisfy an RMD, coordinate the timing with the trustee so it is completed by the relevant deadline. Publication 590-B (2025) provides the current tax-year details to check, rather than relying on an older limit or an informal description.
How to plan the withdrawal through the year
Planning is mainly about coordinating the right amount, account, deadline, and tax-year timing. It is especially important if you have several accounts, are considering delaying your first distribution, or want to make a charitable transfer.
- Build an account inventory. List each account’s type, owner, administrator, prior December 31 balance, and whether it is inherited. Mark Roth accounts separately so you do not confuse lifetime rules with beneficiary rules.
- Determine the applicable start date. Check your birth-year cohort and whether an employer-plan still-working exception may apply. Confirm the plan’s terms rather than assuming the IRA deadline applies to every account.
- Set a deadline calendar. If you are eligible to postpone your first RMD, compare that option with taking it during the year it is due. Include the next year’s December 31 distribution when estimating the effect of postponement.
- Choose the withdrawal source carefully. Apply aggregation only where permitted. If you plan to satisfy multiple IRA RMDs from one IRA, retain a record of the separate calculations and the distribution that covers them.
- Coordinate tax treatment. Estimate the income impact of the distribution in the year it will be paid. If a QCD may fit your circumstances, verify eligibility and direct-transfer requirements before initiating the payment.
- Keep records. Retain year-end statements, calculation worksheets, plan communications, distribution confirmations, and any charitable-transfer documentation. These records help explain how you arrived at the required amount and whether it was paid on time.
For a straightforward IRA, the account custodian may provide an RMD estimate, but you remain responsible for checking that the account, balance, beneficiary information, and timing are correct. When several plan types or inherited accounts are involved, ask the relevant administrators or a qualified tax professional to review the calculations together.
A practical sequence is to begin with the prior December 31 statements, then confirm your age-based start date and account-specific deadline. Next, check the proper table or ask the plan administrator for its calculation, and determine whether aggregation is permitted before choosing the payment account. Finally, schedule the distribution early enough to resolve a processing issue before the deadline. This order can help avoid a last-minute scramble without treating an account custodian’s estimate as a substitute for checking the underlying facts.
Keep the records that connect each step: the statement supporting the prior-year balance, the calculation or administrator notice, the account from which payment was made, and the date and amount of the distribution. If a QCD is involved, retain the trustee’s confirmation and the organization’s documentation as well. These records are useful if you later need to explain a calculation, establish that a payment was timely, or address a reported shortfall.
What happens if you miss or underpay an RMD
An RMD shortfall can trigger an excise tax. The IRS RMD topic page describes a potential 25% tax on the amount not distributed as required, reduced to 10% if the shortfall is corrected within two years. These are potential statutory rates; they are not a prediction of the tax a particular person will owe. The circumstances, correction, and applicable reporting instructions matter.
If you discover an error, calculate the shortfall and take reasonable steps to correct it promptly. The IRS allows taxpayers to request a waiver in qualifying cases involving reasonable error and reasonable steps to remedy the shortfall. Consult the current Form 5329 instructions for how to report the shortfall or request a waiver; do not assume that correcting a distribution automatically removes the filing requirement.
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Start by identifying which account had the shortfall and what amount was not distributed by its deadline. Then review the current Form 5329 instructions for reporting and any waiver request. A waiver is not automatic: the IRS describes it for qualifying cases involving reasonable error and reasonable steps to remedy the problem. The difference between the potential 25% rate and the reduced 10% rate after correction within two years underscores why prompt attention matters, but neither rate alone determines an individual outcome.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Inherited accounts require a separate analysis
Do not use the original owner’s age-73 schedule or ordinary owner aggregation rules as a shortcut for an inherited account. The applicable method can depend on the beneficiary category, date of death, whether the original owner had reached the required beginning date, and account type. Publication 590-B (2025) is the more current IRS source for the beneficiary examples summarized here; beneficiary guidance can change, and an older IRS overview page may contain legacy wording.
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Many designated beneficiaries of owners who died after 2019 must fully distribute an inherited IRA by the end of the tenth year following the owner’s death. That deadline is not a complete description of every year’s required payment. Depending on the case, annual distributions may also be required during the 10-year period.
Publication 590-B gives examples showing why the original owner’s required beginning date matters. Under the described 10-year rule, when the owner died before that date, a distribution may not be required before year 10. In other cases, annual life-expectancy payments may be required during the period, with the account still emptied by the end of year 10. The example is not a blanket permission to defer every inherited-account distribution until the final year.
Eligible designated beneficiaries may have different methods
Some beneficiaries can qualify for different distribution methods. The IRS describes eligible designated beneficiaries as including a surviving spouse in qualifying situations, the owner’s minor child, a disabled or chronically ill person, or an individual not more than 10 years younger than the owner. Eligibility and the available method depend on the beneficiary’s circumstances and current rules; the labels alone do not determine a payment schedule.
For an inherited account, establish the date of death, beneficiary status, account type, and whether the owner had reached the required beginning date before scheduling distributions. If multiple beneficiaries or accounts are involved, confirm the rules for each account rather than transferring owner-level aggregation assumptions to the inherited assets.
In practice, an inherited account needs its own fact check before you decide whether a payment is due this year. Record who inherited it, the original owner’s date of death, the owner’s required-beginning-date status, and whether the account is an IRA or another plan type. Then confirm whether the beneficiary is an eligible designated beneficiary and which distribution method applies. A 10-year outside deadline, where applicable, does not by itself answer whether annual withdrawals are also required.
Because the IRS beneficiary overview page may retain older wording, use current Publication 590-B (2025) and current IRS rules to check a specific case. This is particularly important when deciding whether an annual life-expectancy payment is due during the 10-year period, or whether the described rule permits waiting until year 10. Do not transfer the original owner’s IRA aggregation options to inherited accounts without confirming beneficiary-specific rules.
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Frequently Asked Questions
When do I have to take my first RMD?
Many owners take their first RMD for the calendar year they reach age 73. It may generally be postponed until April 1 of the following year, while later annual RMDs are due by December 31. Your birth-year cohort and account type can change the applicable rule, so check current IRS guidance.
Can I delay an RMD if I am still working?
A participant may generally be able to delay RMDs from the current employer’s plan until retirement, subject to the plan’s terms and the 5% owner exception. This delay generally is not available for traditional, SEP, or SIMPLE IRA owners. Confirm the rule with the specific plan administrator.
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How do I calculate an RMD?
For a usual owner calculation, divide the account’s balance at the close of business on the preceding December 31 by the applicable IRS distribution-period factor. The factor and table depend on the owner and beneficiary circumstances. IRS Publication 590-B (2025) includes the IRA worksheet and tables.
Can I take my RMD from just one account?
Sometimes. You generally calculate each IRA’s RMD separately but may withdraw the combined amount from one or more of your IRAs. A 403(b) owner may generally aggregate across 403(b) contracts. RMDs from 401(k) and other employer plans generally must be taken separately, and inherited accounts have separate restrictions.
Do Roth accounts have RMDs?
Roth IRA owners and owners of designated Roth accounts in employer plans generally have no lifetime RMDs under current rules. Beneficiaries may still have distribution requirements after the owner’s death.
What happens if I miss an RMD?
A shortfall can trigger a potential 25% excise tax on the amount not distributed, reduced to 10% if corrected within two years. The IRS allows a waiver request in qualifying cases involving reasonable error and reasonable steps to remedy the shortfall. Check current Form 5329 instructions for reporting and waiver procedures.
Can a charitable donation count toward my RMD?
A qualified charitable distribution from an eligible IRA may count toward an RMD if eligibility and execution rules are met. The IRA trustee must send the payment directly to an eligible charitable organization. Check current Publication 590-B for the applicable age and annual-limit details.
Do inherited IRAs have the same RMD rules as my own IRA?
No. Inherited-account requirements depend on factors including beneficiary category, date of death, whether the original owner had reached the required beginning date, and account type. Many designated beneficiaries of owners who died after 2019 face a 10-year distribution deadline, but annual payments may also be required in some cases.
The Bottom Line
To plan an RMD, identify the account and owner, confirm the applicable starting age and deadline, use the prior December 31 balance and correct IRS factor, and apply aggregation only where allowed. Consider the tax-year effect of delaying a first distribution, and verify employer-plan and inherited-account rules separately. For current details, consult the IRS Retirement Plan and IRA Required Minimum Distributions FAQs, Publication 590-B (2025), the 2026 Internal Revenue Bulletin, and current Form 5329 instructions.
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