Immigration enforcement can affect farmworkers before anyone is arrested: fear of detention may keep people from reporting for work, disrupting crews during time-sensitive planting and harvests. June 2025 reporting described that kind of concern at farms in California, but available evidence does not establish a nationwide effect on farm employment, crop output or grocery prices.
What has been happening to farmworkers?
In June 2025, the Associated Press reported immigration enforcement at farms in Ventura County, California, and accounts of workers skipping work as fear grew. The report documented events and experiences in a particular place and period; it was not a count of absences across the country or proof that every farm faced the same conditions. Associated Press, June 13, 2025
A separate AP report on June 14 described a direction to pause some immigration arrests at farms and several other workplaces. That report does not establish a permanent exemption for agricultural workplaces or tell readers what enforcement practices are now. Associated Press, June 14, 2025
Those accounts illustrate a plausible immediate effect: workers who fear enforcement may miss shifts or avoid particular locations, leaving employers with fewer people available for time-sensitive work. They do not measure how widespread that response was, how long it lasted, or whether it changed harvest totals.
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Are farmworkers afraid to go to work?
Some workers interviewed in the June 2025 AP reporting were described as staying away from work amid fear. That is evidence of reported experiences, not a national survey finding. The available sources do not provide a representative estimate of how many farmworkers stopped working, or show that all farmworkers—including those with different immigration or visa statuses—responded alike.
The distinction matters because “farmworker” covers different jobs and employment arrangements. The Bureau of Labor Statistics count summarized by the Congressional Research Service says farmers and labor contractors hired approximately 1.2 million domestic farmworkers in 2024 for crop and livestock operations. That workforce count is not directly comparable to the Department of Labor’s crop-worker survey: the populations and methods differ. Congressional Research Service, August 11, 2025
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How does immigration status shape the workforce picture?
The Department of Labor’s 2021–2022 National Agricultural Workers Survey found that 58 percent of interviewed crop workers had work authorization. The survey excludes crop workers with H-2A visas, and it is not a census of every farmworker, livestock worker or agricultural employee. Its percentage should not be read as the authorized share of the entire U.S. agricultural workforce. U.S. Department of Labor, 2024
H-2A is a separate temporary visa pathway. Employers may use it when there are not enough able, willing, qualified and available U.S. workers for the job, and the employment must not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of similarly employed U.S. workers. U.S. Department of Labor, Fact Sheet #26
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These distinctions help explain why enforcement may affect workers and operations differently. A crop worker’s survey response, a domestic-worker hiring count and the number of H-2A visa holders are not interchangeable measures of the same group.
Why might some crops and regions be more exposed?
Labor is a larger share of expenses in some agricultural sectors than in others. USDA Economic Research Service figures from the 2022 Census of Agriculture report the following shares for wages, salaries and contract labor:
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| Operation type | Wages, salaries and contract labor as share of production expenses |
|---|---|
| Fruit and tree nut operations | 40% — USDA Economic Research Service, 2022 Census of Agriculture (Farm Labor) |
| Greenhouse and nursery operations | 42% — USDA Economic Research Service, 2022 Census of Agriculture (Farm Labor) |
| All farms | 12% — USDA Economic Research Service, 2022 Census of Agriculture (Farm Labor) |
These figures provide context for why labor availability may matter more to certain operations; they do not show that enforcement caused higher costs, lost crops or price increases. Effects can also vary by location, crop calendar, job and employers’ access to other workers, including H-2A workers.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Will immigration raids affect the food supply?
They could disrupt particular farms if workers are unavailable when planting, tending or harvesting must be done. But the sources available here do not establish a national causal estimate of enforcement’s effect on farm labor supply, harvest volume or grocery prices. A report of worker absences or an employer’s concern about crops is not the same as a measured change in the national food supply.
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USDA ERS published a 2012 simulation examining potential effects of changes in immigration policy and foreign-born farm labor supply. It can illustrate how labor-supply changes may have economic consequences under a model’s assumptions, but it is not a measurement of the effects of 2025 enforcement or a forecast of current grocery prices. USDA Economic Research Service, May 22, 2012
A 2025 peer-reviewed study abstract reports that temporary changes in the enforcement environment can significantly affect agricultural labor-supply decisions in the short term, while noting that the theoretical direction of enforcement effects is ambiguous. The abstract does not provide a national magnitude that can be used to quantify lost workers, crops or price changes. Journal of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, 2025
What did the 2025 H-2A guidance change?
On June 20, 2025, the Department of Labor said its Wage and Hour Division would suspend enforcement of the 2024 Farmworker Protection Rule amid court injunctions and reconsideration. The department also said the guidance did not change existing regulations or limit enforcement of H-2A requirements that predated the 2024 rule. This describes the agency’s dated statement; it does not establish the rule’s legal status after June 20, 2025. U.S. Department of Labor, June 20, 2025; Field Assistance Bulletin No. 2025-2
The bulletin identified its purpose as enforcement guidance for Wage and Hour Division field staff concerning the 2024 rule. Its scope matters: suspending enforcement of that rule was not the same as eliminating the prior H-2A requirements the department said remained enforceable.
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What can be concluded—and what cannot?
- Reported experience: June 2025 AP stories described farm enforcement, workers staying away amid fear, and a later direction to pause some arrests at farms and other workplaces.
- Measured context: The 2021–2022 crop-worker survey, 2024 domestic farmworker count and 2022 farm-expense shares describe different populations and conditions; none measures the nationwide effect of a crackdown.
- Not established by these sources: A national causal estimate for enforcement’s effect on attendance, harvests or retail food prices.
The clearest answer is therefore local and qualified: enforcement can create fear and labor disruption, and labor-intensive operations may be especially sensitive to worker availability. The evidence cited here does not show how large or lasting those effects have been across U.S. agriculture, or whether they have raised grocery prices nationally.
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