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Did SBP Legalize Cryptocurrency in Pakistan? What the Virtual Assets Act, 2026 Means

Pakistan’s 2026 Virtual Assets Act regulates covered virtual-asset activity and enables bank accounts for PVARA-licensed VASPs under SBP controls. It does not make cryptocurrency legal tender.
From TheFinanceBase Team4 min to read
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No: SBP did not legalize cryptocurrency as legal tender. Pakistan’s Virtual Assets Act, 2026 established a regulatory framework for covered virtual-asset activity, and SBP now allows banks to serve virtual asset service providers (VASPs) licensed by the Pakistan Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority (PVARA), subject to controls. That is different from declaring digital currencies legal tender or giving every crypto business unrestricted access to banking.

What happened to the 2025 bill?

The title’s reference to a 2025 bill is now out of date. The Senate lists the Virtual Assets Bill, 2025 as introduced on August 15, 2025. The National Assembly record lists the Virtual Assets Ordinance, 2025 as laid on September 5, 2025; the Senate’s bill record describes the ordinance as laid first and treated as a bill. A later law superseded that stage: the Virtual Assets Act, 2026 received assent on March 4, 2026, and was published in the Gazette on March 5. The Act applies across Pakistan and came into force at once. The Senate’s acts and bills records list it as Act XIII of 2026.

A Senate committee discussed the bill in September 2025 and identified discrepancies and proposed amendments, but that is not the final legal position. For current purposes, the enacted 2026 Act—not the 2025 bill or ordinance—is the operative framework described in the official records.

What does the Virtual Assets Act regulate?

The Act establishes a framework for licensing and supervising covered virtual-asset activity and establishes PVARA as the regulator. Its stated scope includes a VASP carrying on, or presenting itself as carrying on, virtual-asset services in or from Pakistan, as well as an issuer offering, originating, or distributing a virtual asset in or from Pakistan.

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The Act describes exclusions for certain closed-ecosystem or closed-loop tokens, but only when the statutory conditions are satisfied. That exception should not be assumed to cover a token that can be transferred, exchanged, redeemed, or used outside the qualifying restricted environment.

Regulation is not the same as blanket permission for every activity. The Act’s framework means covered providers and issuers fall within a licensing and supervisory regime; a business’s status depends on whether its activity is covered and whether it meets the applicable requirements.

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Can a cryptocurrency business open a bank account in Pakistan?

SBP’s current instructions allow regulated entities to open accounts for VASPs duly licensed by PVARA, subject to the circular’s conditions. This permission is for qualifying, licensed providers—not an unconditional right for every crypto company or an authorization for every customer to conduct any virtual-asset transaction through a bank.

Under the SBP circular on bank accounts for PVARA’s NOC or licensed VASPs and their customers, regulated entities must obtain and retain a copy of the VASP’s valid PVARA license and independently verify its authenticity. Where the provider’s business model requires it, banks must open separate transactional client-money accounts and ensure that client funds are not mixed with the VASP’s own funds. The circular replaces SBP’s 2018 BPRD circular.

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Does the law make cryptocurrency legal tender?

No legal-tender change is established by these materials. The 2018 SBP circular said virtual currencies and ICO tokens were not legal tender issued or guaranteed by Pakistan’s government. It instructed banks, development finance institutions, microfinance banks, payment-system operators, and payment-service providers to refrain from specified dealings in them.

On May 30, 2025, SBP clarified that the 2018 guidance reflected the absence of a legal and regulatory framework, “not because it was declared illegal in the country.” The clarification addressed the meaning of the earlier restrictions; it did not say that virtual assets had become legal tender. The 2026 Act and subsequent bank-account instructions concern regulation and access for covered activity, not a designation of cryptocurrency as official money.

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Read the relevant primary documents: SBP’s May 30, 2025 clarification on the legal status of virtual assets and its 2018 circular on dealings in virtual currencies and tokens.

How the position changed

Date Instrument or event What it did
April 6, 2018 SBP circular Advised specified regulated financial institutions and payment providers to refrain from specified dealings in virtual currencies and tokens; stated they were not legal tender issued or guaranteed by the Government of Pakistan.
May 30, 2025 SBP clarification Explained that the earlier guidance reflected the absence of a legal and regulatory framework, rather than a declaration that virtual assets were illegal in Pakistan.
August 15, 2025 Virtual Assets Bill, 2025 Listed by the Senate as introduced.
September 5, 2025 Virtual Assets Ordinance, 2025 Listed by the National Assembly as laid; the Senate record says the ordinance was laid first and treated as a bill.
March 4–5, 2026 Virtual Assets Act, 2026 Received assent on March 4 and was gazetted on March 5; the Act established the statutory framework and came into force at once.
Current SBP instructions Bank-account circular for PVARA-licensed VASPs Allows regulated entities to open accounts for duly licensed VASPs subject to license verification and applicable client-fund segregation controls; replaces the 2018 BPRD circular.

The legislative milestones are recorded by the Senate and the National Assembly. The Senate committee’s September 10, 2025 release records its discussion of the bill and proposed amendments: committee press release.

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