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What Happens to a 10-Year Treasury Note’s Price When Interest Rates Change?

A 10-year Treasury note’s coupon stays fixed, but its market price generally moves opposite to market yields. Learn why the size of the move depends on the note and whether you sell early.
From TheFinanceBase Team7 min to read
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When market yields rise, the price of an existing fixed-rate 10-year Treasury note generally falls; when yields fall, its price generally rises. The note’s coupon rate stays fixed, but its market price adjusts so buyers can compare its remaining payments with the yields available on newer investments. The size of the price move depends on the note’s coupon and remaining maturity, so there is no single percentage change that applies to every 10-year note.

Why a Treasury note’s price moves opposite to market yields

A Treasury note promises a set schedule of interest payments and repayment of its face value at maturity. For an existing fixed-rate note, that payment schedule does not reset when market yields change. TreasuryDirect says the interest rate is set at auction, remains fixed over the note’s life, and interest is paid every six months. TreasuryDirect’s Treasury Notes page describes these terms.

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What changes is the price at which someone may be willing to buy the note before maturity. A buyer compares its remaining fixed payments with the yields available on comparable investments. If new market yields are higher, an older note with a lower coupon is less attractive at its old price. Its price generally has to fall to make the remaining payments competitive. If market yields fall, the old note’s fixed payments look relatively attractive, so buyers may pay more for it.

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This is the inverse price-yield relationship summarized by the SEC: when interest rates go up, prices of fixed-rate bonds fall. The change is in the note’s market value, not in the coupon rate printed into its terms. The SEC’s June 26, 2013 investor bulletin explains the relationship and provides an illustrative example.

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Coupon, yield and price are different things

These terms describe related but distinct features of a Treasury note:

  • Coupon or interest rate: the fixed rate established at auction that determines the note’s scheduled interest payments.
  • Market price: what a buyer may pay for the note before it matures. That price can be above or below its face value.
  • Yield to maturity: the return implied by the price and the payments a buyer expects to receive by holding the note to maturity. It is not the same as the coupon rate.

Because the coupon is fixed while a note’s market price can change, its yield to maturity changes as the price changes. TreasuryDirect’s pricing guide describes the relationship in terms of yield to maturity and the note’s interest rate: Understanding Pricing and Interest Rates.

Yield to maturity compared with the note’s coupon rate Typical price relative to face value What it means
Higher Below face value (a discount) The price is lower in relation to the note’s fixed payments, consistent with the higher yield.
Equal At face value (par) The coupon rate and yield to maturity are equal.
Lower Above face value (a premium) The price is higher in relation to the note’s fixed payments, consistent with the lower yield.

These are general pricing relationships, not a promise that any particular note will trade at a specific price. TreasuryDirect sets out the discount, par and premium relationships in its pricing guide.

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What rising and falling yields mean for an existing note

If market yields rise

Suppose an existing note pays a fixed coupon that is less attractive than yields now available to buyers. To compete, the existing note generally must sell at a lower price. That lower purchase price increases the yield implied by its remaining payments. The coupon itself does not rise to match the market.

If market yields fall

If comparable market yields drop below the note’s coupon, its fixed payments become more attractive relative to new opportunities. Buyers may be willing to pay a premium above face value. The higher purchase price brings the yield implied by the remaining payments down toward the lower market level.

If yields do not move by the same amount for every relevant investment

The useful comparison is between the note’s yield and yields available for comparable investments, rather than a mechanical link between its price and any single interest-rate announcement. A change in a headline rate does not, by itself, tell you the exact new price of a particular note. The market yield used to price the note, its remaining payments and its remaining time to maturity all matter.

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SEC example: one rate move, two illustrative prices

The SEC’s 2013 bulletin gives a worked illustration, not a current quote or a forecast for a particular Treasury. It begins with a $1,000-face-value Treasury paying a 3% coupon with a 10-year maturity. After one year, the example assumes nine years remain. It then illustrates how the price would compare under two different market-rate assumptions:

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Assumption in the SEC illustration Illustrative price Relationship to the $1,000 face value
Market rates fall from 3% to 2%; the note has nine years remaining $1,082 $82 above face value
Market rates rise from 3% to 4%; the note has nine years remaining $925 $75 below face value

Both prices are figures from the SEC’s specific illustration, which assumes the stated coupon, original maturity, remaining maturity and rate changes. They show the direction of the relationship: a lower assumed rate corresponds to a higher price, and a higher assumed rate corresponds to a lower price. They do not mean that every 10-year Treasury will move by $82 or $75, or by the same percentage, after a one-percentage-point yield change. Read the SEC bulletin for the full example.

Why two 10-year notes can react differently

“A 10-year Treasury” does not specify enough information to calculate a price change. Two notes can have different coupons, and a note first issued with a 10-year maturity will have less than 10 years remaining after time passes. The SEC identifies maturity and coupon rate as factors that generally affect how much a bond’s price changes when market rates move.

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  • Coupon: the note’s fixed interest rate affects its scheduled payments and its price relative to prevailing yields.
  • Remaining maturity: the time left until repayment affects how much of the note’s value is tied to payments farther in the future.
  • Size of the yield change: the price response depends on the yield change assumed. A different move produces a different result.
  • Market pricing details: an exact transaction price also depends on the pricing date and relevant market conventions.

That is why a general rule such as “a one-percentage-point rise always cuts a 10-year note’s price by a certain percentage” is not reliable without specifying the security and assumptions. The SEC example is useful for understanding direction, but it is not a universal sensitivity estimate.

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What changes if you hold the note or sell it early?

Holding to maturity

If you hold a note to maturity, its scheduled coupon remains fixed under its terms, and the Treasury repays its face value at maturity. A change in market yields does not rewrite the note’s coupon. However, market prices can still matter to you if you later decide to sell before maturity or need to compare the note’s current value with other choices. TreasuryDirect explains that notes may be held to maturity or sold earlier on its Treasury Notes page.

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Selling before maturity

If you sell before maturity, the sale price reflects the market at that time; it is not guaranteed to equal face value. If yields have risen relative to the note’s coupon, the price may be below face value. If yields have fallen, it may be above face value. The price change becomes financially relevant when you sell, because the proceeds depend on the price available for the transaction rather than simply on the note’s original face value.

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Do not confuse continuing to receive the fixed coupon with being able to sell at the amount you paid or at face value. The coupon describes scheduled interest under the note’s terms; it does not guarantee a particular resale price.

What you need to estimate a particular note’s price

The direction of a likely price move is often easier to identify than its size. An estimate for a specific note requires details that the phrase “10-year Treasury” alone leaves out. At a minimum, identify:

  1. The note’s coupon rate and the payments due under its terms.
  2. Its remaining maturity, not just its original maturity at auction.
  3. The current yield used for pricing and the yield change you want to model.
  4. The settlement date and relevant market pricing conventions.

The estimate then depends on valuing the note’s remaining cash flows under the assumed yield. Without those inputs, a precise price or percentage loss cannot be responsibly inferred from the general inverse relationship. The SEC example above supplies assumptions for one illustration; it is not a substitute for the terms and pricing conditions of another note.

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A quick way to interpret a rate-change headline

When you hear that interest rates have risen or fallen, use these questions to understand what it could mean for an existing fixed-rate note:

  • Are you looking at the coupon or the market yield? The coupon on the existing note remains fixed; the market yield and price can change.
  • What is the note’s coupon relative to the yield now available? A lower coupon than the yield to maturity is generally associated with a discount; a higher coupon is generally associated with a premium.
  • How much time remains? A note’s remaining maturity is part of its price sensitivity.
  • Are you holding or planning to sell? A sale before maturity exposes you to the market price then available; holding means the market-price change is not itself a change to the note’s coupon.
  • Do you have enough information to estimate the dollar move? You need the note’s terms and a specified yield scenario, not just the label “10-year.”

The key distinction is between the note’s contractual payments and what another buyer may pay for those payments today. That distinction explains why an existing Treasury’s market price can move even though its coupon does not.

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