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1. Establish what fell and when
Start by recording the company’s ticker, exchange, the start and end dates of the decline, and the percentage change. Review dated price and trading-volume data over the same period. Where practical, compare the share’s performance with a relevant sector or market index; this helps distinguish company-specific weakness from a broader market move.
Build a timeline of results and company announcements around the decline. An announcement that coincides with a price move may be relevant, but timing alone does not prove causation. SEBI’s investor due-diligence checklist recommends reviewing current and historical price and volume data, corporate announcements, and economic conditions affecting a company’s growth and stock price: SEBI Investor: Due diligence.
2. Reassess the business, not the PSU label
Write down how the company earns revenue, what drives demand and costs, and what could strengthen or weaken its competitive position. Then compare it with businesses that share those operating drivers. Companies should not be treated as direct peers simply because both are government-owned: a utility, bank, energy producer, and transport company face different economics and risks.
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SEBI’s checklist advises investors to understand a company’s business model and compare competitors. For an actual comparison, focus on factors that fit the industry, such as earnings quality, cash generation, leverage, working capital, policy exposure, commodity sensitivity, execution, competition, governance, and disclosure record. This is an analytical framework, not a regulator-prescribed scoring model.
3. Read the financial statements together
Review at least two years of income statements, balance sheets, and cash-flow statements. A single headline result can obscure whether reported earnings are converting into cash or whether financial pressures are building elsewhere in the business. SEBI specifically recommends examining all three statements over at least the past two years: SEBI Investor: Due diligence.
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- Income statement: Track revenue, operating margins, and earnings. Investigate what explains changes rather than assuming they will continue.
- Balance sheet: Review borrowings, interest burden, and working capital. Consider whether the company can meet obligations and fund its operations and investment needs.
- Cash-flow statement: Compare cash generated from operations with reported earnings. Look for changes in cash conversion and consider what is driving them.
These are questions to test against the issuer’s own filings, not claims that any particular PSU has a specific trend. Where a number changes, trace the explanation to the company’s statements and disclosures before treating it as evidence of a lasting improvement or deterioration.
4. Test whether the valuation is defensible
A lower share price does not by itself mean a lower valuation: the value investors assign to a company also depends on its earnings and prospects. Review the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio using current earnings, and compare it with relevant peers and the company’s own historical range when reliable data is available. Neither comparison supplies a universally correct multiple for PSUs.
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5. Check surveillance status and issuer disclosures
Search the relevant exchange’s current surveillance notices for the exact security, then review the issuer’s latest results and corporate announcements. Do not infer a company’s present trading status from an old notice: check the current list.
NSE describes the Graded Surveillance Measure (GSM) as a cautionary measure for securities whose prices may not be commensurate with fundamentals. Depending on the applicable framework and a security’s status, measures can include trade-for-trade classification, additional surveillance deposits, once-a-week trading, and price-band limits. NSE also says reviews occur quarterly using the latest available results. The purpose of these measures is to alert investors to exercise extra caution and undertake due diligence: NSE: Graded Surveillance Measure.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.6. Verify ownership and governance from company filings
Use the company’s latest shareholding pattern and corporate governance disclosures to check who owns the shares and what the company reports about governance. Do not assume a particular government ownership level or treat ownership as a substitute for examining the company’s business and disclosures.
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For a dated illustration—not a sector-wide figure—Power Grid Corporation of India Limited reported Central/State Government ownership of 51.34% in its filing for the quarter ended June 30, 2026: Power Grid shareholding pattern, quarter ended June 30, 2026. Ownership should be verified separately for each issuer and reporting period.
7. Compare alternatives on like-for-like risks
If you are comparing the fallen share with another investment, choose companies with genuinely similar business drivers and examine the same dimensions for each:
- Earnings quality and cash generation
- Leverage, working capital, and balance-sheet resilience
- Valuation against defensible earnings assumptions
- Relevant policy, commodity, execution, and competitive exposures
- Governance and disclosure record
- Liquidity and current exchange restrictions
A comparison is useful only when the businesses and assumptions are sufficiently comparable. A low multiple or a large price fall cannot replace that work.
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