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EPA finalized the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) requirements for 2026 and 2027 on March 27, 2026, then published the rule in the Federal Register on April 1. The final total applicable volumes, including a partial reallocation of volumes waived for small refineries, are 26.81 billion RINs for 2026 and 27.02 billion for 2027.
When did EPA finalize the 2026 and 2027 biofuel mandates?
The March forecast became a completed rule: EPA announced finalization on March 27, 2026, and the rule appeared in the Federal Register on April 1. A February 25 report had quoted EPA Assistant Administrator Aaron Szabo as saying the rule “likely will be finalized by the end of March”; that was the report’s account of his statement, not a quotation from the final rule. EPA’s announcement and the Federal Register rule document the final action.
EPA acted after the statutory deadline. Because the 2026 compliance year had already begun, its standards had a partially retroactive effect; EPA finalized the 2027 standards before that compliance year began.
What are the final Renewable Fuel Standard volumes?
The figures below are in billions of RINs. “Base requirement” is the final category volume before the small-refinery-exemption (SRE) reallocation. “SRE reallocation” is the volume EPA added back for compliance after exemptions. “Total applicable volume” includes that reallocation.
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| Compliance year | Fuel category | Base requirement (billion RINs) | SRE reallocation (billion RINs) | Total applicable volume (billion RINs) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | Cellulosic biofuel | 1.36 | 0 | 1.36 |
| 2026 | Biomass-based diesel | 8.86 | 0.21 | 9.07 |
| 2026 | Advanced biofuel | 10.82 | 0.28 | 11.10 |
| 2026 | Total renewable fuel | 25.82 | 0.99 | 26.81 |
| 2027 | Cellulosic biofuel | 1.43 | 0 | 1.43 |
| 2027 | Biomass-based diesel | 8.95 | 0.25 | 9.20 |
| 2027 | Advanced biofuel | 10.98 | 0.34 | 11.32 |
| 2027 | Total renewable fuel | 25.98 | 1.04 | 27.02 |
Figures are EPA’s final 2026 rule values. The categories are nested: cellulosic biofuel and biomass-based diesel count within advanced biofuel, and advanced biofuel counts within total renewable fuel. Do not add category rows together to estimate the total.
What does a RIN represent?
A Renewable Identification Number, or RIN, is an RFS compliance credit. EPA defines one RIN as equivalent to one ethanol-equivalent gallon of renewable fuel, but the volume targets are not a simple count of physical gallons blended. Obligated parties use RINs to demonstrate compliance, and category overlap means the figures cannot be read as separate quantities of fuel that should be summed.
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What else did the final rule change?
- Small-refinery exemptions: EPA finalized a 70% partial reallocation of 2023–2025 exempted renewable volume obligations for the 2026 and 2027 compliance years. EPA said its approach was intended to balance biofuel demand, the effects of exemptions, and stability in the credit market.
- Cellulosic biofuel for 2025: EPA partially waived the 2025 cellulosic requirement because production fell short.
- Renewable electricity: The final rule removed renewable electricity, sometimes called eRINs, as a qualifying renewable fuel under the program.
- Foreign fuels and feedstocks from 2028: Beginning in 2028, foreign fuels and feedstocks receive half the RFS compliance value of U.S.-made products. This provision is separate from the 2026 and 2027 volume targets.
What could the mandates mean for fuel markets and household costs?
EPA described the final volumes as “the highest levels in program history.” That is the agency’s characterization of the targets, not evidence by itself of realized effects on fuel prices, farm income, imports, refinery economics, or RIN markets.
EPA’s 2025 proposal estimated the rule would mean roughly 150,000 fewer barrels per day of reliance on foreign oil over the 2026–2027 period. That was a proposal-era estimate, not a measured result of the final rule.
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EPA’s 2026 regulatory impact analysis projected biodiesel would cost $1.03–$1.95 per gallon more than diesel, and renewable diesel $1.23–$2.15 more per gallon, in 2026 and 2027. These are modeled cost differences, not observed pump prices or a forecast of what a driver will pay at a particular station.
For refiners and renewable-fuel producers with RFS obligations, the rule sets the compliance framework and credit volumes for those years. For consumers and farmers, the cited agency estimates do not establish how the rule ultimately changed retail prices or farm income.
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