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China’s 2023 grain quotas at a glance
China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) issued the 2023 grain and cotton import-quota application and allocation rules in Announcement No. 8, dated September 30, 2022. The notice linked the grain rules as an attachment. USDA’s 2023 Grain and Feed Annual reported that the total grain quotas and the shares allocated to state-owned enterprises remained unchanged from 2022.
| Grain | 2023 quota | State-owned allocation | Private allocation | In-quota duty | Out-of-quota duty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corn | 7.2 million metric tons | 60% | 40% | 1% | 65% |
| Wheat | 9.636 million metric tons | 90% | 10% | 1% | 65% |
Quota volumes, allocation shares, and duty rates in the table are those reported by the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service for 2023. The state-owned and private percentages describe how each quota was allocated, not what each type of importer ultimately imported.
What the quota and tariff rates mean
A tariff-rate quota is a two-tier tariff arrangement: imports within the quota volume qualify for the in-quota rate, while imports beyond it face the out-of-quota rate. For both corn and wheat, USDA FAS listed the in-quota duty at 1% and the out-of-quota duty at 65% in 2023. The quota figures therefore describe access to the lower tariff rate, not a simple legal maximum on all imports.
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Why the quota did not determine actual corn imports
USDA’s Economic Research Service reported in its August 15, 2023 Feed Outlook that China’s corn imports had exceeded the 7.2-million-metric-ton quota in every calendar year since 2020. ERS also said no formal change to the quota system had been announced. This distinction matters: an unchanged statutory quota did not mean that actual imports stayed at 7.2 million metric tons, nor does it establish that the quota caused import levels to rise or fall.
Applications, capacity, and quota redistribution in 2023
Corn quota applications
ERS reported that prospective corn importers could apply each September for a share of the quota for the coming calendar year. For the 2023 quota, 1,230 applicants reported nearly 378 million metric tons of processing capacity. That figure is applicant-reported capacity, not the amount of quota awarded, a forecast of imports, or evidence that the applicants would use the full quota.
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Returning and reallocating unused quota
The quota was administered through allocation and redistribution procedures. In an August 21, 2023 notice, NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) instructed holders to return quota by September 15 if it had not been contracted or was not expected to ship by year-end. The agencies said returned amounts would be redistributed on a first-come, first-served basis by September 30. These procedures allowed unused or unusable quota to be reassigned; they did not change the published quota totals.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What stayed the same—and what the figures do not show
For 2023, the listed quota volumes, state-owned allocation shares, and tariff rates matched the prior-year levels described by USDA FAS. Those figures establish the formal terms of the quota, not how much grain entered China, how much quota was used, or which importers ultimately received allocations. USDA FAS summarized the administration policy this way: “The 2023 measures continued to emphasize that the TRQs must be fully allocated, and both the state-owned and non-state owned TRQs must be fully utilized, based on market conditions.”
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