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There is no single, comparable 2024 utilisation-rate figure for Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, Polygon and Avalanche. A utilisation rate must name the resource being used, its capacity denominator, the network or layer, and the measurement period. The available 2024 comparison figures are monthly active-address counts—not blockspace utilisation—and they cannot be read as a ranking of capacity pressure, fees or people using each network.
What does blockchain utilisation rate measure?
For blockspace, utilisation is the share of a block’s available capacity consumed during a stated interval. A useful definition is:
Block utilisation = resource used ÷ resource capacity × 100
The formula is meaningful only when both terms refer to the same resource and scope. For example, Avalanche’s Beam Explorer defines per-block gas utilisation as gas used divided by the block gas limit. Its daily trend averages that fraction across blocks; a distribution of block fullness can show variation that a daily mean conceals.
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Ethereum’s developer documentation likewise describes blocks using gas_used and gas_limit. In the configuration described there, the gas target is 30 million and the upper limit is 60 million. Those are configuration-specific values, not permanent constants: block limits can change.
For Bitcoin, Solana and Polygon, the available material does not establish a shared capacity denominator and calculation that can be directly compared with those gas-based measures. A percentage without a defined resource, limit and period is not a reliable cross-chain comparison.
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What do the 2024 activity figures show?
a16z crypto’s 2024 report, using data attributed to Artemis and Dune as of September 30, 2024, reported the following monthly active-address counts:
| Network or chain scope | Monthly active addresses | What the figure covers |
|---|---|---|
| Solana | 100 million | Monthly active addresses in the report’s snapshot |
| Bitcoin | 11 million | Monthly active addresses in the report’s snapshot |
| Ethereum | 6 million | Monthly active addresses in the report’s snapshot |
| Polygon PoS | 5 million | Polygon PoS specifically, not every Polygon product or chain |
| Avalanche C-Chain | 400,000 | C-Chain specifically, not every Avalanche L1 |
These counts describe addresses, not individual people. One person may use more than one address, and an address does not necessarily represent one person. Counts can also vary with the data provider and its definition of activity. The figures therefore give one dated view of address activity, not a utilisation percentage or a definitive ranking of network demand.
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Binance Research’s full-year 2024 comparison uses daily transactions, daily active addresses and average transaction fees, with data as of December 31, 2024. Those measures can help describe activity and cost, but none is a utilisation rate by itself: a capacity denominator is still needed. The available figures do not provide a like-for-like five-network capacity comparison.
Why does utilisation matter for fees and capacity?
Utilisation helps show demand relative to a defined capacity. Where a fee mechanism responds to how full blocks are, sustained use above its target can put upward pressure on fees. Avalanche documentation explicitly describes its base fee rising when utilisation remains above the mechanism’s target.
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That relationship is not a universal rule that lets a reader infer a fee from an activity count. Fees also depend on each network’s fee mechanism and on the resource being measured. Transaction counts, active addresses, throughput and fees can add context, but they answer different questions from block fullness.
- Capacity pressure: Compare resource used with the relevant limit over a stated period.
- User or address activity: Look at active addresses or transactions, with the provider’s scope and definition.
- Cost: Use fee data for the same network or layer and time period.
- Efficiency: Energy per transaction or total energy use measures energy, not spare block capacity.
Can energy use stand in for utilisation?
No. The Solana Foundation’s September 2024 report estimated Solana’s 2024 energy use at 8,755 megawatt-hours, using a September 4 snapshot, and reported 0.00412 watt-hours per transaction. These figures concern energy use and energy intensity; neither supplies a block-capacity denominator. They cannot be used to calculate Solana’s utilisation rate or compare its capacity pressure with another network.
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What must a fair cross-network comparison specify?
Before comparing a utilisation percentage, check that the figures use the same kinds of scope and measurement. At minimum, a comparison should identify:
- Network scope: Mainnet, a specific L2, Polygon PoS, Avalanche C-Chain, an Avalanche L1, or another explicitly named layer or chain.
- Capacity unit and denominator: The resource counted and the limit against which use is divided.
- Time window: A per-block value, daily average, peak, or another stated interval.
- Aggregation: Whether the result is an average, a peak, a distribution, or some other summary.
- Transaction treatment: Whether failed or reverted transactions, transfers, votes or system transactions are included.
Without those details, two percentages may measure different things. Likewise, a network with more transactions or active addresses is not necessarily closer to its capacity limit.
Were there predictions for 2024 utilisation across all five networks?
No comparable forecast was identified that predicted utilisation for Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, Polygon and Avalanche on the same basis. A forecast suitable for that comparison would need to identify its author and publication date, the networks and layers covered, the utilisation metric, the forecast horizon and its assumptions. Without that matched scope, a set of separate claims cannot be presented as one five-network prediction.
CF Benchmarks’ 2025 outlook discusses blockspace capacity and broad utilisation and scaling trends, but it does not supply the missing like-for-like forecast for all five networks in 2024. It is later context, not a prediction made for 2024. The 2024 address counts above are observed activity figures, not forecasts.
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