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Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →UPI MDR, or Merchant Discount Rate, is a fee charged on certain UPI payments to merchants for processing the transaction. Under the Ministry of Finance framework announced on 15 September 2026, person-to-person transfers and merchant payments up to ₹2,000 remain free, while specified higher-value merchant transactions may attract category-based MDR. The announced rules take effect on 15 October 2026; as of 7 October 2026, that date had not yet arrived.
What UPI MDR means
MDR stands for Merchant Discount Rate. It is a merchant-side payment-processing fee: the merchant pays it as part of accepting a covered digital payment. It is not a fee that every UPI user pays when sending money.
The Ministry of Finance says MDR is neither a tax nor a charge collected by the Government or NPCI; instead, the fee is distributed among participants in the payment ecosystem. The Ministry also says consumers are not to pay MDR, banks have been advised to prevent merchants from passing it on, and UPI application providers are prohibited under the announced framework from imposing platform fees or hidden charges. Those policy statements do not establish that every merchant’s acquiring contract or ancillary service is free. Ministry of Finance release, 15 September 2026
Which UPI payments are covered by the announced rules?
The Ministry’s published framework distinguishes person-to-person (P2P) transfers from person-to-merchant (P2M) payments. Its stated rates and exemptions are scheduled to apply from 15 October 2026.
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| Payment or merchant category | Published MDR treatment |
|---|---|
| P2P transfer | Free at any amount, according to the Ministry. |
| P2M merchant payment of ₹2,000 or less | Free of MDR. |
| Eligible small merchant classified as P2PM | Zero MDR on all transactions if the merchant receives up to ₹1 lakh per month through UPI QR in the P2PM category. |
| Specified P2M transaction above ₹2,000 | 0.4% MDR, capped at ₹300 for transactions of ₹75,000 and above. |
| Transactions above ₹2,000 in named essential or thin-margin sectors | Flat ₹5 MDR for railways, telecommunications, insurance, fuel, and agricultural inputs. |
| Named capital-market transactions | 0.02% MDR, capped at ₹300, for mutual funds, securities, stockbrokers, and dealers. |
These are the categories and terms stated in the Ministry of Finance release. The Department of Financial Services FAQ dated 15 September 2026 says the amendment applies to direct user-account-to-merchant-account UPI transactions; credit-linked UPI payments follow separate credit-product rules.
How the rates work in rupees
The Department of Financial Services FAQ illustrates the stated 0.4% rate with these calculations. They show MDR under the published framework, not a quote for a particular merchant’s full payment-acceptance costs.
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| Example transaction | Illustrated MDR | Why |
|---|---|---|
| ₹3,000 standard specified P2M transaction | ₹12 | 0.4% of ₹3,000. |
| ₹50,000 standard specified P2M transaction | ₹200 | 0.4% of ₹50,000. |
| ₹1,00,000 standard specified P2M transaction | ₹300 | The calculated 0.4% is ₹400, but the stated cap applies. |
| More than ₹2,000 in a named flat-rate sector | ₹5 | The FAQ’s illustration of the flat fee. |
Does every UPI payment above ₹2,000 have MDR?
No. The standard 0.4% treatment is for specified P2M transactions, not a blanket fee on every UPI payment over ₹2,000. The framework names separate treatment for essential and thin-margin sectors and capital-market transactions, and eligible P2PM small merchants retain zero MDR across their transactions under the stated monthly-receipt condition. P2P transfers remain free at any amount.
The Department of Financial Services FAQ says more than 95% of P2M transaction volume is at or below ₹2,000. Separately, the Press Information Bureau estimates that approximately 96% of all P2M transactions will remain unaffected because they are under the threshold or covered by the small-merchant zero-MDR framework. These are different measures and should not be read as interchangeable statistics.
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What the P2PM exemption means for small merchants
The Ministry says eligible small merchants in the P2PM category that receive up to ₹1 lakh per month through UPI QR continue to receive zero MDR on all transactions. The Department of Financial Services FAQ describes merchant classification and threshold monitoring; a merchant should confirm its classification and how receipts are counted with its acquiring provider rather than assume that every small shop automatically qualifies.
What merchants should check in an MDR quote
The announced MDR rate is not necessarily a complete statement of what a business pays to accept payments. Compare the policy category with the terms of the merchant’s actual acquiring arrangement.
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- Confirm whether the payment is P2P or a direct P2M payment, and whether a credit-linked UPI product is involved.
- Check the merchant’s acquiring classification, including whether it qualifies for P2PM treatment and the ₹1 lakh monthly UPI QR receipt threshold.
- Identify the transaction amount and the merchant category; check whether a standard percentage, flat rate, or cap applies.
- Use the announced 15 October 2026 effective date when assessing the new provisions, and confirm the applicable rules for transactions made before then.
- Read the acquiring agreement for any provider-specific or ancillary charges. The official policy documents do not establish every provider’s full fee schedule.
How this differs from earlier UPI incentives
The Prime Minister’s Office described a low-value BHIM-UPI P2M incentive scheme for FY 2024–25, running from 1 April 2024 through 31 March 2025. It included a 0.15% incentive for eligible small-merchant transactions up to ₹2,000. The same announcement says zero MDR for RuPay debit-card and BHIM-UPI transactions had been introduced from January 2020. These are historical details, not terms to carry forward as incentives under the September 2026 framework. Prime Minister’s Office announcement
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Why the policy draws a line between smaller and larger payments
The Department of Financial Services FAQ cites industry estimates of ₹20,000 crore in annual UPI operating costs, including infrastructure, fraud prevention, and technical support. That figure is an industry estimate reported by the FAQ, not an independently verified government cost accounting. The fee framework’s practical distinction is that most low-value merchant transactions and eligible small merchants remain at zero MDR, while specified higher-value categories have stated rates.
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