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A free scan shows the junk files, broken settings and background clutter dragging Windows down - then fixes them in one click.Free scan · Windows 10 & 11Grayscale’s 2021 survey found that 26% of its surveyed investors owned Bitcoin, up from 23% in 2020. The figure is historical, self-reported, and limited to a selected group of investors; it is not a current estimate for all U.S. adults or all U.S. investors.
What the 26% figure measures
The figure comes from Grayscale Investments’ Grayscale 2021 Bitcoin Investor Study. The report said that the share of Americans who owned Bitcoin had risen from 23% in 2020 to 26% in 2021. Its more precise description elsewhere is “surveyed investors,” which is the appropriate way to characterize the result: 26% of respondents in this study reported owning Bitcoin.
It is not a measure of ownership today, and it concerns Bitcoin specifically—not any cryptocurrency. The 2020 and 2021 percentages are comparable as figures reported by the same study, but they do not establish a current ownership rate.
Who was surveyed
Research firm 8 Acre Perspective conducted the online survey from August 12 through August 20, 2021, with 1,000 U.S. consumers. Participants had to meet all of these criteria:
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- Be 25 to 64 years old.
- Have primary or shared responsibility for household financial decisions and be involved in personal investing.
- Have at least $10,000 in household investable assets, excluding workplace retirement plans and real estate.
- Have at least $50,000 in household income.
Those thresholds exclude many Americans, and an online survey of eligible investors is not the same as a representative count of every U.S. adult or household. The result is best understood as a self-reported finding among a defined investor group, not a national census.
Why other 26% figures are different
Grayscale published a separate finding in a March 13, 2025 release: 26% of surveyed high-net-worth Americans said they owned cryptocurrency. That group had at least $1 million in investable assets and consisted of likely voters in a survey conducted across three waves in late 2023 and 2024. The same survey reported 20% ownership across its overall likely-voter sample. These figures concern any cryptocurrency, a different population, and a later period; they do not update or verify the 2021 Bitcoin result. Grayscale’s release describes the results and their limitations.
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The later study combined responses from 5,368 adults aged 18 or older who planned to vote in the 2024 presidential election across fieldwork dates of November 27–29, 2023; April 30–May 2, 2024; and September 4–6, 2024. Of those respondents, 412 had at least $1 million in investable assets, including 75 crypto owners. Grayscale reported an overall-sample margin of error of ±2.8 percentage points at 95% confidence, while cautioning that uncertainty could be wider for subgroups. It also noted that online-panel coverage, nonresponse, question wording, response options, and weighting can introduce additional errors that are difficult to quantify. The stated interval does not remove those potential sources of bias.
Grayscale reported that 38% of the high-net-worth subgroup expected cryptocurrency to be part of their future investment portfolios, while 34% said approval of spot Bitcoin exchange-traded funds increased their interest in learning about or investing in Bitcoin. These are reported expectations and attitudes, not evidence of future purchases or a judgment that crypto is suitable for those respondents.
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The company used “ETF” in survey questions for consistency over time. It also cautioned that spot crypto exchange-traded products are not registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and do not have the same protections as registered ETFs and mutual funds.
How an independent household estimate compares
A Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis analysis offers a different kind of estimate. Economists Juan M. Sánchez and Masataka Mori analyzed the 2022 Survey of Consumer Finances and estimated that about 4.3% of U.S. adult households aged 65 and younger in that survey sample held cryptocurrency. Their reported 90% confidence interval was 3.8% to 4.9%. The estimate was published March 11, 2025, in “Cryptocurrency Ownership among U.S. Households.”
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This is not a direct contradiction of Grayscale’s percentages. The St. Louis Fed estimate covers a defined household population, counts cryptocurrency rather than Bitcoin alone, and relies on a different survey and question structure. The SCF asks about “other assets” and then asks respondents to select important types, including cryptocurrency; the authors note the resulting small-sample uncertainty. Different populations and questions can produce different estimates without measuring the same thing.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What the 2021 study says about Bitcoin investing
Beyond ownership, Grayscale reported that 55% of current Bitcoin investors in its 2021 survey had begun investing in the previous 12 months. Respondents could select multiple methods they used to invest in Bitcoin: 59% selected a cryptocurrency trading app, 35% a direct Bitcoin exchange, and 30% a digital wallet or money app. Because multiple answers were allowed, these percentages do not add up to 100%. They describe respondents’ reported methods at the time, not current preferences or recommendations.
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How to read crypto ownership survey figures
Before comparing ownership percentages, check what each number counts:
- Population: all adults, households, likely voters, or investors who meet specific eligibility rules.
- Asset: Bitcoin alone or cryptocurrency generally.
- Timing: when respondents were surveyed, rather than when results were published.
- Method: the sampling frame, questionnaire, response options, and any reported uncertainty.
- Meaning: self-reported ownership at the time of the survey, not a forecast of future buying or a measure of investment suitability.
For the 26% headline, the key qualifications are the year (2021), the asset (Bitcoin), and the respondents (Grayscale’s selected investor sample). Without those details, the statistic can easily be mistaken for a current figure about all Americans.
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