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Improving the fishing industry means managing fish stocks effectively, making fishing activity more accountable, protecting the people who work at sea and along the value chain, and ensuring more of the catch’s value reaches fishing communities. These priorities are connected: a fishery cannot remain economically resilient if its stocks decline, its rules cannot be enforced, its workers face avoidable danger, or its products lose value before reaching buyers.
There is no single policy or technology that fits every fishery. The right measures depend on species, gear, vessel size, local law, and the capacity of fishing communities and public agencies.
Start with the condition of stocks and the quality of management
Fishing pressure needs to stay within biological limits if a fishery is to support catch and livelihoods over time. That requires fishery-specific stock assessments, reliable information about catches and effort, enforceable rules, and periodic review of whether those rules are working.
FAO’s 2025 assessment examined 2,570 marine fish stocks. It found that 64.5% of assessed stocks were exploited within biologically sustainable levels; measured by production rather than stock count, 77.2% of global fishery landings came from biologically sustainable stocks. These are different measures, and neither means that a particular species, fishery, or individual fish is sustainable. FAO also reported substantial regional variation and said sustainability rates are far higher than the global average in marine fishing areas under effective management.
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The practical lesson is not to copy a rule from another fishery without checking its fit. Managers and fishing communities need to identify local pressures, set measures that can be implemented, and monitor biological and economic outcomes. Measures may include catch or effort controls, but the appropriate mix depends on the fishery and its legal and ecological context.
Make vessels and catches easier to verify
Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing undermines management, disadvantages operators who follow the rules, and makes it harder to know what was caught and where. Vessel registers, unique identifiers, catch documentation, port controls, and information exchange can help authorities verify fishing activity and support enforcement.
FAO’s Global Record programme aims to provide a single access point for certified information on vessels used for fishing and related activities, with transparency and traceability as tools to combat IUU fishing. FAO’s Global Record page gives an estimated annual value of US$10–23 billion for fish caught through IUU fishing; this is an estimate, not an audited current market total.
Information systems are useful only when they connect to verification and legal consequences. Authorities need the capacity to check records, cooperate across jurisdictions, investigate suspected violations, and apply applicable rules. FAO’s 2025 SDG indicator page reported 78 parties to the Port State Measures Agreement in January 2025. The same page gave a 2024 implementation score of 4 out of 5 for instruments to combat IUU fishing; this is an implementation score, not a measure of the share of illegal fishing eliminated.
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Give small-scale fishers and fish workers a meaningful role
Fishing policy is more likely to reflect local conditions when the people affected can participate in decisions. FAO’s small-scale fisheries policy page estimates that small-scale fisheries contribute 40% of the global catch, support 90% of the capture-fisheries workforce, and provide livelihoods for 500 million people. These are FAO estimates on an undated page accessed in 2026, and they refer specifically to small-scale fisheries—not all fisheries or aquaculture.
FAO identifies declining stocks, competition, weak representation, and limited influence over resource management among the challenges facing small-scale fisheries. Governments, fishing organizations, communities, and other stakeholders can improve decision-making by creating meaningful ways to participate in policy and fisheries-management processes. Participation should include fish workers beyond vessel owners, including people involved in processing and marketing, and should account for women’s work throughout the value chain.
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That participation also matters when changes impose costs or affect access to fishing grounds and markets. A measure that looks sound on paper may be difficult to follow or unfair in practice if affected communities were not consulted or lack the information and resources to comply.
Reduce work-related risk and widen access to risk protection
Improvement also means reducing preventable danger at sea. FAO’s guidance covers safety training, vessel condition, appropriate equipment, inspections, stability and machinery checks, accident reporting, and emergency readiness. Its 2025 inspection guidelines include practical checks for decked vessels under 12 metres and for undecked vessels, with attention to hulls, machinery, stability, equipment, and documentation.
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Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsFix Now →Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →FAO reported in 2026 that only about 5% of small fishing vessels are insured. That statistic applies to small fishing vessels, not to all commercial vessels. FAO describes its guidance as supporting standardized risk assessment and access to insurance services, but suitable coverage and eligibility depend on location, vessel, and insurer.
Safety equipment should be selected for the vessel, crew, work, and applicable national requirements—not treated as a one-size-fits-all shopping list. A practical safety programme combines appropriate equipment with training, maintained vessels, inspections, and procedures crews can use in an emergency.
Keep more value in the aquatic-food chain and reduce losses
Improving fishing is not only a question of how much is landed. Value is created and lost at each stage, from making gear and harvesting through sorting, processing, transport, sale, and consumption. Poor handling, inadequate storage, limited processing capacity, or weak access to market information can reduce product quality and the income available to workers and communities.
FAO’s guidance points to skills and organization-building, women’s empowerment, reduced post-harvest losses, value addition, sustainable trade, and equitable market access. Depending on local conditions, useful options may include better handling practices, safe storage and transport, processing capability, clearer market information, and fairer access to buyers. No single technology or business model is established as suitable everywhere.
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When evaluating a value-chain improvement, consider whether it reduces losses without creating new costs or environmental harms, who can access the equipment and markets, and how much value remains locally. These questions help distinguish a gain for the whole chain from a gain captured by only one buyer or intermediary.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Choose gear and bycatch measures for the fishery
Gear affects fishing effort, bycatch, navigation safety, and the risk of equipment being abandoned or lost. FAO’s gear-marking guidance says marking can help manage fishing effort, reduce abandoned or lost gear, improve navigation safety, and help identify IUU fishing. Marking works best as part of a wider system that addresses legality, enforcement, reporting and recovery of lost gear, and safe disposal.
Bycatch measures also need to match the species, gear, and fishing conditions. Gear modifications or mitigation devices may help in some fisheries, but their suitability should be judged against fishery-specific evidence and applicable rules rather than assumed to work universally.
Judge improvement by outcomes, not by the number of new initiatives
Fishing, aquaculture, safety, governance, and seafood markets are part of the same aquatic-food system. Global fisheries and aquaculture production reached 223.2 million tonnes in 2022, according to FAO’s 2024 reporting; that figure covers aquatic animals and algae as reported, not edible fish alone. Aquaculture’s aquatic-animal production surpassed capture fisheries for the first time in 2022, making sustainable aquaculture an important part of the wider picture. Expansion and intensification should be sustainable and benefit regions and communities most in need.
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- Biological result: Does it address stock status, fishing pressure, bycatch, habitat effects, or lost gear in the fishery concerned?
- Governance: Are the data credible, are affected people represented, and can authorities and communities implement and enforce the measure?
- Distribution: Who benefits or bears costs among small-scale fishers, fish workers, women, and local consumers?
- Safety and affordability: Does it reduce vessel and crew risk, and are training, inspections, equipment, or insurance realistically accessible?
- Value-chain performance: Does it reduce post-harvest loss, protect product quality, improve market access, or keep more value locally without shifting harm elsewhere?
- Context fit: Is it appropriate for the species, gear, vessel class, geography, law, and local capacity?
The most useful order is to understand the fishery and the people who depend on it, strengthen the rules and information needed to manage it, then address safety and value-chain gaps that limit resilience and fair returns. Progress should be judged by biological, livelihood, safety, and market outcomes—not by technology adoption or production growth alone.
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