Onchain trading on NEAR can mean two different things: swapping tokens directly through a NEAR-based automated market maker (AMM), or using NEAR Intents to state the result you want and let an independent solver choose how to deliver it. With an AMM, your swap follows pool liquidity and a route through one or more pools. With Intents, you review a solver’s quote, sign an instruction, and rely on the selected solver and settlement infrastructure to fulfill it. The distinction matters because it changes what you approve, where assets may be deposited, and which execution risks to check.
Two different ways to trade on NEAR
Neither mechanism is a traditional exchange order book in which your trade necessarily waits as a resting bid or ask. An AMM swap trades against token pools. An Intents swap describes a desired outcome, while a solver determines an execution path. In either case, inspect the transaction details in your wallet and the terms of the interface you use before approving.
| Question | NEAR-native AMM swap | NEAR Intents swap |
|---|---|---|
| What you request | A token swap against pool liquidity, sometimes routed through multiple pools. | A desired balance change, such as exchanging one asset for another; the solver chooses the execution method. |
| Who determines the route | The AMM or router selects from available pool routes. | An independent solver proposes and carries out a route, potentially using its own liquidity sources and other infrastructure. |
| What you review before signing | Input and output assets, quoted output, route, fees, price impact and slippage settings. | Selected quote, expected outcome, deadline or quote validity, destination details and any cross-chain steps. |
| Where assets may go | The swap interacts with the relevant pool contracts on NEAR. | Assets may be deposited into an Intents account; cross-chain flows add chain-specific deposit and settlement steps. |
How a NEAR-native AMM swap works
Pool liquidity sets the trade price
An AMM contract holds token liquidity in pools and quotes a swap against that liquidity. A router can use more than one pool in a single transaction if that produces a route for the requested pair. Ref Finance documentation describes permissionless pools for NEAR fungible tokens and multi-pool routing. That is a description of the protocol’s documented mechanism, not confirmation that every documented feature is currently available in its live application.
Because a pool’s pricing changes as a trade consumes liquidity, a larger trade relative to the pool can have greater price impact. The route also matters: the quoted result depends on the liquidity and pricing of each pool traversed, along with applicable fees. Slippage tolerance sets how far the execution result may move from the quote before the transaction fails; it does not improve the price. The reviewed material establishes no universal current Ref Finance fee or average trade outcome.
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What the wallet approval does
In a typical AMM flow, you select the input and output tokens, enter an amount, review the quote and route, then approve the required wallet transaction or transactions. The wallet prompt is the point to verify the network, token contract or identifier, spending permissions, and the transaction’s stated limits. A route across pools can still settle as one transaction, as described in Ref Finance’s documentation.
Ref Finance’s repository labels the project as being in a testing phase, and describes its limit-order-book feature as “Coming v3.” Do not treat that repository language as proof that a limit-order feature is live; check the current application for available functions.
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How a NEAR Intents swap works
You specify the outcome; a solver chooses the method
An intent is a declarative instruction: it states the result you want without prescribing every step used to achieve it. In NEAR Intents, independent solvers assess whether they can fulfill the request, provide quotes, and determine an execution route. A solver may use its own liquidity sources or compose actions across services. This is not a guarantee of the best available market price, nor does it make the trade risk-free.
Quote, sign and settlement
- Request a quote. The application supplies the input and output assets and requested amount to a quote mechanism. Official documentation describes a market-maker flow in which the request is sent over a WebSocket message bus and connected solvers return signed quotes. The documentation also allows for other quote-discovery methods, including direct chain indexing; the message bus is not required in every implementation.
- Compare the offers. The interface displays available quotes. Check the net amount you expect to receive, the quote’s validity or deadline, any fulfillment conditions, and the route or destination details the interface provides.
- Sign the intent. In the documented integration flow, the message specifies the account, deadline and desired token balance changes. A developer example registers a public key with the
intents.nearcontract before the first signed message. Consumer interfaces may handle this setup behind the scenes. - Publish the selected intent. The intent is published with a reference to the selected quote. The selected quote is matched to the intent and submitted to a verifier contract for onchain settlement.
Signing an intent authorizes the stated instruction; it does not mean the interface operator itself performs every execution step. Independent solvers and other infrastructure participate. NEAR’s terms say users retain control of their connected wallets, while also disclaiming the interface operator’s control over third-party solvers and responsibility for their price, speed, reliability, availability or transaction completion.
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What changes when a trade crosses chains
A cross-chain swap is not necessarily executed entirely on NEAR. NEAR documentation describes users depositing assets into Intents accounts and says the deposit procedure varies depending on whether the source asset is on NEAR or another chain. In the documented API flow, assets are identified by asset identifiers and balances can be queried on the intents.near contract. Those details explain the general mechanism; they do not mean every supported chain or token uses the same deposit transaction.
For a cross-chain route, identify the source network, destination network and exact destination asset. The solver’s route may involve bridging, liquidity providers, and settlement on another chain, each with its own failure modes or timing. Verify current asset support and the withdrawal process in the interface handling the trade rather than assuming a deposit or withdrawal procedure is universal.
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NEAR Intents’ cross-chain materials give examples such as ETH on Ethereum to BTC and USDC on Arbitrum to SOL on Solana, and list integrations including Trust Wallet, Ledger Live, LI.FI, SwapKit and Gem Wallet. These are vendor-provided examples and integration listings, not independent measures of route availability or service performance.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What to check before approving a trade
- Asset and network: Confirm the exact input and destination assets, including their networks and token identifiers. Similar token names do not guarantee identical assets.
- Net output: Compare the amount you should receive after displayed fees and route costs, not just a headline exchange rate.
- AMM route: Review pool liquidity, price impact and slippage tolerance. A loose tolerance can allow a worse execution price; a tight one can cause a transaction to fail if the price moves.
- Intent quote: Check quote validity or deadline and any stated solver-fulfillment conditions. Consider what happens if the quote expires or the route cannot complete.
- Cross-chain assumptions: Establish whether the route uses another chain or bridge, which address and network receive the destination asset, and how you can withdraw or recover assets if a step is delayed.
- Wallet request: Read the signing prompt and spending permissions. Confirm the connected account and destination address, and make sure the request matches the trade you intended.
- Operational risk: Decide whether you can tolerate a delayed, unavailable or failed route. A quoted completion time is not a guarantee.
The near.com terms place responsibility for recovery phrases and passkeys on users and state that Intents Technology does not provide wallet software. A connected wallet remains under the user’s control, but losing its credentials can still prevent access to the assets it controls.
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How to interpret NEAR Intents’ published figures
NEAR Intents’ homepage claims more than $33 billion in all-time volume across 35 chains; the retrieved homepage material did not give that figure a publication date, and it is a project claim rather than an independent measurement. Its integration-facing cross-chain page describes 20–100 basis points as a typical configurable per-swap fee range, not a universal fee schedule for every trade. The same cross-chain materials give an approximately 30-second ETH-to-BTC user story as an example, not a general completion-time guarantee. Actual fees, supported routes and execution times depend on the interface, quote and route available when you trade.
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