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DOE Closes $1 Billion Loan to Constellation for Three Mile Island Unit 1 Restart

DOE’s $1 billion loan went to Constellation Energy Generation to help finance the proposed restart of Three Mile Island Unit 1. Microsoft’s role is a 20-year power purchase agreement; NRC approvals are still required.
From TheFinanceBase Team3 min to read
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The U.S. Department of Energy closed a $1 billion loan to Constellation Energy Generation, LLC, in November 2025 to help finance the proposed restart of Three Mile Island Unit 1. Microsoft is connected to the project as the plant’s planned long-term power buyer—not as the borrower. The restart remains subject to Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensing approvals, and the loan closing does not mean the reactor has returned to service.

Who received the $1 billion loan?

DOE identifies Constellation Energy Generation, LLC, the unit’s owner, as the borrower. The department’s project page lists a $1 billion loan issued in November 2025 and says it is backed by Constellation’s full credit and balance sheet. DOE describes the financing as partial support for restart work, not a loan to Microsoft. DOE’s Crane Clean Energy Center project page and its November 18, 2025 announcement identify the borrower and transaction.

DOE said the transaction was the first under the Trump administration to combine a conditional commitment and financial close. The available announcements do not state the interest rate, disbursement schedule, or the amount already drawn. A closed loan is a financing milestone; it is not evidence that all funds have been disbursed or that the project is complete.

Which Three Mile Island reactor is involved?

The project is to restart Unit 1, which stopped operating in September 2019. DOE’s environmental review identifies it as the facility now named the Christopher M. Crane Clean Energy Center, in Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania. The loan does not concern Unit 2, the reactor involved in the 1979 accident. DOE’s final environmental review, published September 5, 2025, describes refurbishment and maintenance under the existing license framework and records Constellation’s request for NRC authorization to resume power operations.

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What is Microsoft’s role?

Microsoft is a power purchaser under a 20-year power purchase agreement announced by Constellation on September 20, 2024—before the DOE loan closed. Constellation said the agreement is intended to help Microsoft match electricity used by its data centers in the PJM region with carbon-free energy from the renewed plant. The announcement does not establish the contract’s price or other commercial terms. Constellation’s announcement describes the agreement and its stated purpose.

Has the reactor restarted?

The sources available for this account do not confirm that Unit 1 has returned to operation. DOE says the restart remains subject to NRC licensing approvals. The department’s loan and environmental review processes do not themselves grant NRC authorization to resume power generation. Accordingly, the accurate description is a proposed restart supported by closed financing, not an operating reactor.

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How much power is the project expected to provide?

DOE materials give two different capacity figures, which should not be treated as interchangeable:

DOE source Capacity stated Context
Crane project page and November 2025 announcement 835 MW DOE’s project-financing description and loan announcement.
September 2025 environmental review 871 MW The capacity stated in that separate environmental document.

DOE’s project page calls the planned output 835 MW of firm baseload power and says it would support data centers and economic growth. That is the department’s description of the project, not an independent assessment of its future grid effects.

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What employment and economic figures have been reported?

Constellation reported estimates from an economic-impact study commissioned by the Pennsylvania Building & Construction Trades Council: approximately 3,400 direct and indirect jobs, more than $16 billion in Pennsylvania GDP, and over $3 billion in state and federal tax revenue. These are study projections reported by the company, not measured results from a completed restart. Constellation’s 2025 financing announcement reports the figures.

DOE separately lists approximately 627 permanent U.S. jobs supported on its project page. That figure is a different project statistic from the study’s larger direct-and-indirect jobs estimate; the two should not be added or treated as equivalent.

What the financing does—and does not—establish

  • Financing: DOE says the $1 billion loan closed in November 2025 to partially finance restart work.
  • Regulatory authorization: DOE says restart remains contingent on NRC licensing approvals; the environmental review is not proof those approvals have been granted.
  • Commercial arrangement: Microsoft’s announced 20-year agreement makes it a planned power buyer, not the loan recipient.
  • Project outcomes: Capacity and economic figures are stated or estimated in the cited DOE and company materials; they do not establish actual generation, realized jobs, or completed tax contributions.

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