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Yes, NIH resumed grant-review activity in stages in 2025, but that did not mean every delayed application was funded or every terminated award was restored. Advisory council meetings resumed on March 18, and peer-review groups resumed on March 24, according to HHS information cited by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). Later court actions and a multistate agreement addressed different parts of the dispute; none, by itself, confirms that a particular applicant received an award or that a recipient was paid.
What resumed—and what did not necessarily follow
NIH grantmaking involves more than a final decision to issue money. Applications move through peer review and advisory council consideration before NIH makes award decisions. A resumption of those meetings or of the usual application-review process is evidence that the pipeline was moving again; it is not proof that a specific application succeeded, a canceled grant was reinstated, or funds were available for drawdown.
| Development | What it addressed | What it does not establish |
|---|---|---|
| Review meetings resumed in March 2025 | Restarting NIH peer-review and advisory council activity. | That every application was reviewed on its original schedule or resulted in an award. |
| GAO decision, August 5, 2025 | HHS withholding NIH funds from obligation and expenditure under the Impoundment Control Act. | Whether NIH could terminate individual grants or whether a terminated award was restored. |
| Supreme Court order, August 21, 2025 | A partial stay concerning district-court judgments that had vacated terminations of research-related grants. | A final resolution of every NIH funding dispute or the status of a particular grant. |
| Multistate agreement announcement | HHS’s commitment, subject to court approval, to resume the usual application-review process on an agreed timeline. | That the agreement was later approved, fully implemented, or led to favorable award decisions for all applicants. |
When did NIH resume grant reviews?
The interruption began with a pause in required Federal Register notices. GAO reported that HHS directed agencies in January 2025 to stop publishing grant-review meeting notices. NIH published no grant-review notices from January 22 through March 3, 2025. Because these notices are part of the process for NIH study sections and advisory councils, the pause limited which meetings could proceed and NIH’s ability to review applications and then make awards.
According to information HHS provided to GAO, NIH advisory council meetings resumed March 18, 2025, and rescheduled or newly scheduled peer-review groups resumed March 24. HHS also told GAO that NIH had caught up with prior years on review and meeting schedules. GAO noted, however, that HHS did not provide current fiscal year 2025 obligation information in its response. Catching up on schedules is not the same as confirming that all applications had been decided or all awards paid.
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What did GAO find about the freeze?
In decision B-337203, issued August 5, 2025, GAO concluded that HHS violated the Impoundment Control Act by withholding NIH funds from obligation and expenditure. GAO’s finding concerned the handling of appropriated funds under that law. GAO expressly said it was not deciding NIH’s authority to terminate grant agreements or the process used for individual terminations. As the decision put it, “GAO’s role is procedural—to protect congressional prerogatives and help ensure compliance with the ICA and appropriations law—and is not to be interpreted as taking a position on the underlying policies.”
The decision described a substantial funding and award disruption:
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- Lab Glassware and Labware: there are 6 measuring cups, 6 glass stirring rods, 6 graduated cylinders, 6 glass droppers and 6 lab beakers, a total of 30 pieces of laboratory glassware; This is a complete range of products to meet your laboratory science needs and uses
- Multiple Sizes to Meet Your Various Needs: measuring cups: 2 x 50ml, 100ml, 250ml, 500ml, 1000ml, glass stirring rods: 7.87 inches/ 20 cm, graduated cylinders: 100ml, 50ml, 2 x 25ml, 2 x 10ml, glass droppers: 2 x 90mm, 2 x 120mm, 2 x 200mm, lab beakers: 2 x 50ml, 2 x 100ml, 150ml, 200ml; Different sizes are suitable for various experiments
- Durable and Reliable Material: the science beakers, lab droppers, lab stirring rods and lab cylinders are made of quality borosilicate glass materials, which are thick and stable, acid and alkali resistant, available for long time use
- Easy to Use: the glass graduated cylinder and other science lab glassware are designed with clear scales for easy to read, and the measuring cups and graduated cylinders have tapered gates for easy to pour liquid
- Wide Range of Applications: these beakers and graduated cylinders are practical gifts for experimenters and science, very suitable for projects, laboratories, science researches and so on
- GAO reported that NIH terminated more than 1,800 grants between February and June 2025, based on information from HHS.
- Using agency data on USAspending.gov, GAO reported that NIH obligated almost $8 billion less during February–June of fiscal year 2025 than during the same period in fiscal year 2024; the FY2025 amount was 62% of the comparable FY2024 obligation amount.
- As background, GAO said NIH supports more than 60,000 grants, more than 300,000 researchers, and more than 2,500 institutions annually. These are GAO’s figures in its 2025 decision, not a count of awards restored after the freeze.
Separately, GAO recounted that on July 2, 2025, the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts held that NIH’s cancellation of grants to comply with executive orders violated the Administrative Procedure Act, describing the rollout as arbitrary and capricious and not in accordance with law. That litigation addressed grant terminations; GAO’s later decision addressed withholding funds under the Impoundment Control Act. The two findings concerned different legal questions.
Did the Supreme Court restore canceled NIH grants?
Not as a blanket result. On August 21, 2025, the Supreme Court granted the government’s application for a stay in part as to district-court judgments vacating terminations of research-related grants, and otherwise denied the application. That procedural order was partial; it should not be read as resolving every aspect of the NIH dispute or as confirming the status of every terminated award.
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What did the multistate agreement promise?
California Attorney General Rob Bonta announced that HHS had agreed, subject to court approval, to resume the usual process for considering NIH grant applications on an agreed, prompt timeline. The announcement also said the agreement limited application of specified directives when reviewing new grant applications. It described a commitment about the application-review process, not a guarantee of awards, restoration of terminated grants, or payment to recipients. The available announcement does not establish whether a court later approved the agreement or whether every part was fully implemented.
Why did NIH reviews face another backlog?
A separate lapse in appropriations beginning October 1, 2025, disrupted the review calendar again. In a November 24, 2025 notice, NIH said more than 370 peer-review meetings had been canceled, affecting more than 24,000 applications. NIH adjusted the share of applications discussed, introduced categories for some applications that were competitive but not discussed or not competitive and not discussed, and simplified summary statements. The notice said these changes would operate through the May 2026 Advisory Council. NIH described the volume of missed meetings as complicating its efforts to catch up. This was a later shutdown-related backlog, distinct from the earlier freeze and litigation.
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Does the ruling mean an NIH grant will be paid?
No general ruling or process announcement in this timeline establishes payment on an individual award. A grant review, a new award, reversal of a termination, and release or drawdown of funds are separate statuses. For a specific application or award, check the applicable Notice of Award and contact the NIH Institute, Center, or Office handling it. NIH’s implementation page, last updated September 17, 2026, provides policy information; it is not a complete grant-by-grant status ledger.
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