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Citizenship by investment (CBI) lets eligible applicants seek citizenship by making a qualifying investment or contribution; after citizenship is granted, they can apply for that country’s passport. It is different from naturalization after years of residence. The route, full cost, screening and any post-grant obligations depend on the country. Antigua and Barbuda and Dominica illustrate two current official programs, but neither headline investment amount is a complete family budget.
What citizenship by investment does—and does not—secure
The OECD and FATF define CBI as granting citizenship “principally or solely in return for financial investment,” without requiring a significant period of prior physical residence in the issuing country. The same 2023 report describes CBI programs as usually faster than traditional immigration channels. Citizenship is the outcome of an approved application; a passport is a subsequent government-issued travel document, not the investment itself.
A second passport may widen travel options, but it does not guarantee that any destination will continue to permit visa-free entry. Check entry requirements with the destination government for the actual trip rather than relying on passport rankings or sales claims. The reviewed official examples do not establish a comparable current approval or rejection rate across programs.
Compare the published investment routes
The amounts below are published qualifying amounts, not guaranteed all-in quotes. Fees, family composition and program rules affect the total. Antigua and Barbuda’s official program information describes four routes; Dominica’s Citizenship by Investment Unit lists two qualifying routes.
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| Jurisdiction and route | Published qualifying amount | Key conditions and additional charges |
|---|---|---|
| Antigua and Barbuda: National Development Fund | US$230,000, nonrefundable, one-time contribution | Government processing and due-diligence fees apply. The official NDF schedule lists processing at US$10,000 for one applicant or US$20,000 for a family of up to four, plus due-diligence charges by family member and a US$300 passport fee per person. Fees can change. |
| Antigua and Barbuda: approved real estate | At least US$300,000 | Hold the qualifying real estate for at least five years. Government processing and due-diligence fees also apply. |
| Antigua and Barbuda: eligible business | At least US$1.5 million invested by one person, or a qualifying joint investment totaling at least US$5 million | Government processing and due-diligence fees also apply; confirm the proposed business and investment structure qualify. |
| Antigua and Barbuda: University of the West Indies Five Islands Campus Fund | US$260,000, inclusive of processing fees | Confirm the applicable fee treatment and any other charges for the family’s application with the program or an authorized agent. |
| Dominica: Economic Diversification Fund | Minimum US$200,000 | Dominica’s CBIU lists separate due-diligence, processing, naturalization-certificate and interview charges. Their amounts are not stated here. |
| Dominica: approved real estate | Minimum US$200,000 | Dominica’s CBIU lists separate due-diligence, processing, naturalization-certificate and interview charges. Confirm the approved project and any holding conditions. |
Antigua and Barbuda’s published eligibility page says the primary applicant must be over 18. Its rules also identify exclusions involving false information, specified criminal convictions or investigations, national-security concerns, certain serious health circumstances, activities likely to bring disrepute, and some visa denials. These are that country’s rules, not universal CBI standards.
How to approach an application
- Define the purpose and check travel rules. List the destinations you actually need to visit and verify their current entry rules with their governments. A passport’s advertised travel access is not a permanent entitlement.
- Choose a route that fits your finances and obligations. Distinguish a nonrefundable contribution from a real-estate purchase that ties up capital or a business investment. Compare total family cost, not just the qualifying amount.
- Check eligibility and family rules against official program information. Confirm who can be included, what screening applies, and whether any nationality restrictions or post-grant conditions affect your case. Requirements differ by jurisdiction and can change.
- Verify the agent’s authorization. Antigua and Barbuda directs applicants to a licensed authorized agent. Dominica describes authorized agents as part of its application and screening pathway. Check authorization with the relevant government unit before sharing documents or paying an intermediary.
- Submit the application and complete screening. Expect due diligence and other checks. Dominica’s CBIU describes a multi-layered screening process involving authorized agents, the CBIU and independent due-diligence agencies. Its page says the qualifying contribution or real-estate investment follows approval in principle.
- Pay at the stage required by the program, then apply for the passport after citizenship is granted. For Antigua and Barbuda’s NDF route, the official instructions call for full due-diligence fees and 10% of the government processing fee at submission. After an approval letter, the balance of processing fees, passport fees and contribution are due; the contribution must be paid to the Government Special Fund within 30 days. A citizenship certificate is issued for the passport application.
Costs, timing and obligations to verify
Budget for the full household application
In addition to the qualifying investment, possible charges include government processing, due diligence, passports, interviews, naturalization certificates and dependent fees. Antigua and Barbuda’s NDF fee schedule separates the processing fee from due-diligence charges by family member and passport fees per person; it warns that fees can change. Dominica’s CBIU likewise lists several separate charges, so its US$200,000 minimum should not be treated as the final bill. Ask for a current itemized quotation for every applicant and dependent before committing funds.
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Treat timing as an estimate
Dominica’s CBIU page, dated May 14, 2026, estimates processing at approximately three to four months. That is an estimate, not a promise. The reviewed Antigua and Barbuda materials do not establish a comparable processing estimate.
Check what happens after approval
Antigua and Barbuda states that a citizen must spend at least five days in the country during the five calendar years after citizenship; failure to meet that condition may lead to deprivation of citizenship. Its rules also allow deprivation if citizenship was obtained through fraud or concealment. The oath or affirmation can be completed on a first visit or at an Antiguan diplomatic office. These conditions apply to Antigua and Barbuda and should not be assumed to apply to Dominica or other programs.
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A practical due-diligence checklist
- Confirm the current qualifying route and fee schedule on the government program’s official site.
- Get an itemized total for the principal applicant and every included family member, with government fees, due diligence, passports, interviews, certificates and any dependent charges identified.
- Ask whether the investment is refundable, how long capital must remain committed, and what conditions apply to an approved property or business.
- Verify the agent’s current authorization directly with the relevant government unit.
- Ask which eligibility, document, screening and post-grant conditions apply to your specific family and circumstances; do not assume one country’s rules apply elsewhere.
- Confirm processing expectations with the program and treat published timeframes as estimates.
- Check the destination governments’ entry rules for your travel needs instead of treating visa-free access as guaranteed.
Historical context should not be mistaken for a current measure: the OECD/FATF’s 2023 report says that in 2016 CBI passport sales accounted for one third of Dominica’s gross domestic product. That is a figure about Dominica in 2016, not a current statistic or a measure of today’s program.
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