Biden Joins Tim Cook at TSMC’s $40 Billion Arizona Chip Venture

President Joe Biden and Apple CEO Tim Cook attended a TSMC ceremony in Phoenix on December 6, 2022, as the Taiwanese chipmaker marked progress on a planned $40 billion, two-fab Arizona investment. The figure was TSMC’s projected cost for those two fabs—not a federal grant, and not the total value of the larger Arizona plan announced later. Biden’s presence reflected the project’s role in U.S. semiconductor policy; Cook’s reflected Apple’s importance as a customer for chips made by TSMC.

What happened at the Phoenix ceremony?

TSMC held an equipment-opening ceremony on December 6, 2022. The company said construction had begun on a second Arizona fab, while its first fab was then scheduled to begin N4 production in 2024. The second fab was planned for 3nm production in 2026. Those dates were announced targets, not confirmation that production started on schedule.

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Alongside Biden and Cook, attendees included Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo, Arizona Governor Doug Ducey, Phoenix Mayor Kate Gallego, AMD CEO Lisa Su and NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang. TSMC’s chairman, Dr. Mark Liu, described the ambition as building “the greenest semiconductor manufacturing facility in the United States” producing the country’s most advanced process technology. That was a company goal, not an independently verified comparison.

What did the original $40 billion plan include?

TSMC put the combined planned investment in its two Arizona fabs at approximately $40 billion in its 2022 announcement. The company said that, when complete, the pair would have capacity to manufacture more than 600,000 wafers per year, with an estimated end-product value of more than $40 billion. The end-product figure described the estimated value of goods made using the wafers; it was not a forecast of TSMC’s sales revenue or a guaranteed economic return for Arizona.

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TSMC also projected 10,000 additional high-paying high-tech jobs from the two-fab plan, including 4,500 direct TSMC jobs. These were company projections, not audited counts of jobs ultimately created. The announcement named Applied Materials, ASM, ASML, Lam Research, KLA and Tokyo Electron as suppliers of semiconductor equipment, underscoring that the project depended on a wider network of specialized vendors as well as TSMC.

How did the Arizona plan change after 2022?

The December 2022 announcement described two fabs and approximately $40 billion of planned investment. In a November 15, 2024 award notice, the U.S. Department of Commerce described a larger plan: more than $65 billion for three Phoenix fabs. The department said TSMC Arizona received up to $6.6 billion in direct CHIPS funding and up to $5 billion in proposed loans. The loan amount was proposed support, not the same thing as a direct grant.

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The two totals describe different points in the project’s development. The later figure should not be added to the earlier $40 billion as if it were a separate commitment: the 2024 notice described an expanded campus plan. Nor should either amount be confused with Apple’s separate U.S. investment pledges.

Why were Biden and Cook there together?

The project connected two interests. For the Biden administration, the Arizona fabs were part of an effort to increase advanced-chip manufacturing in the United States, supported by federal CHIPS incentives. Biden called the 2024 agreement a way to spur $65 billion in private investment to build three Arizona facilities. For Apple, TSMC was a key supplier: Apple said in 2025 that it was the largest customer at Fab 21 and that mass production of Apple chips had begun there.

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Cook’s appearance at the 2022 ceremony did not mean Apple owned or operated the fabs. TSMC was the manufacturer and investor in the facilities described in the announcement; Apple was a customer. In 2025, Cook said, “We are bullish on the future of American innovation.”

What does this mean for U.S. chip supply and taxpayers?

Making chips in Arizona gives major customers a U.S.-based source for some advanced manufacturing, but the announcements alone do not establish how much domestic demand the fabs will serve or how resilient the overall supply chain will become. The project also illustrates that chip production is not just a factory-building exercise: it requires specialized equipment suppliers, skilled workers, customers and public infrastructure.

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For taxpayers, the distinction between forms of support matters. Commerce’s 2024 award notice listed up to $6.6 billion in direct CHIPS funding and up to $5 billion in proposed loans, while the more-than-$65-billion campus investment was described as private investment. Public support is not the same as the total project cost. The cited announcements do not establish an audited long-term economic return, so projected jobs and product value should not be treated as a guaranteed payoff.

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