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Identify every design artifact and copy an agent can touch
Start with the organization’s existing data-classification and cybersecurity rules. Map what the agent can read, create, retrieve, or pass to tools, and where each item goes. The scope may include source files, design databases, netlists, layout data, constraints, prompts, retrieved documents, generated outputs, temporary files, tool results, and logs—not only the source repository.
- Trace the data path from its original repository through retrieval, prompt and intermediate context, tool calls, outputs, and retained logs.
- Apply the same access, contractual, retention, and incident-handling rules to copies and derived material as to the source data.
- Ask the provider about the specific service configuration: what it logs or retains, which tools or subprocessors receive data, and who can access it, including administrators. “The model does not train on my data” does not answer those questions.
NIST’s draft semiconductor development and manufacturing profile provides sector context, while its AI security and resilience work addresses confidentiality, integrity, and availability across AI systems and their supporting infrastructure.
Give each agent a distinct identity and limited authority
An agent’s risk depends in part on what it is allowed to do. It may be able to reach repositories, documents, APIs, or tools beyond the ordinary access of the person who started it. NIST’s preliminary AI profile discusses unique agent identities and least-privilege access for AI systems. NIST IR 8596
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- Create a separate identity and credentials for each agent or workload; bind them to the task and environment.
- Grant access only to the necessary repositories, files, APIs, tools, network paths, and operations. Avoid giving an agent a person’s broad credentials.
- Separate read access from write, export, and release authority. Where risk warrants it, require explicit authorization or human review for sensitive changes and data transfers.
- Keep the agent’s permissions independent of its conversational instructions. A request in a prompt should not be able to grant new access.
Assume retrieved content may try to manipulate the agent
Documents, issue trackers, webpages, code comments, and tool responses can contain instructions intended to alter an agent’s behavior. NIST has identified indirect prompt injection, insecure or poisoned models, and harmful actions that can occur even without an adversarial input as agent-security concerns. NIST’s agent-security announcement
Keep trusted system instructions and tool authorization separate from content the agent retrieves. Do not let text found in a design document or tool response expand permissions. Limit available tools, monitor their use, and test the real workflow for unexpected reads, writes, exports, or network access.
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Choose cloud protections for the data’s state
At rest and in transit are not the same as in use
Encryption at rest and in transit protects data in particular states; it does not, by itself, protect data while a workload is actively processing it. Confidential computing aims to protect data in use through hardware-backed isolation, commonly using a trusted execution environment (TEE). NIST’s initial public draft, IR 8320E, describes this approach for cloud workloads.
Assess the exact confidential-computing configuration
A TEE can add a threat-specific protection layer against some risks associated with cloud infrastructure, but its value depends on correct implementation and a patched, attested platform. Confirm that the exact cloud service, hardware, firmware, configuration, workload, models, tools, data volumes, region, and design steps you intend to use are supported. Do not treat the presence of a confidential-computing feature as proof that your entire workflow is protected.
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Require attestation before releasing secrets
Remote attestation provides cryptographic evidence about the environment and configuration in which a workload is running. A relying party can compare measurements and security state with predefined policy, then provision secrets only if the checks pass. In NIST IR 8320E’s example workflow, attestation and policy checks come before a key-management service releases a key for use inside the TEE.
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- Define which verified hardware, TEE firmware, workload measurements, and model version may receive a decryption key.
- Keep release policy in the key-management system, not in agent instructions.
- Make failed, changed, or stale attestation block key release. Confirm how your configuration handles updates and revocation.
Attestation helps establish whether the workload meets a specified policy; it is not a general certification that the agent, model, data, or surrounding system is safe.
Log enough to investigate, and prepare to contain the agent
Record the agent identity, requested actions, tool calls, data access, outputs, and relevant policy decisions. Design logging around both investigative value and data minimization: logs themselves can contain sensitive design information, so apply access and retention rules to them too.
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Prepare a response that can disable autonomy or revoke access, preserve relevant evidence, and restore validated code, model, and data versions. NIST IR 8596 discusses identity, monitoring, logging, containment, and recovery considerations for AI systems. Read the preliminary draft
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Compare deployments by their actual security boundaries
When assessing candidate cloud and agent arrangements, compare the configured workflow rather than relying on labels or feature names. Ask:
- Protection boundary: Which data and code are isolated, from which infrastructure components, and under what assumptions?
- Data state: What protections apply at rest, in transit, and during processing?
- Attestation: Can you verify the actual hardware, firmware, workload, and security state, and reject a changed or unpatched configuration?
- Key control: Who sets release policy, which measurements must pass, and how can release be withheld or revoked?
- Agent authority: Are identities unique, credentials scoped, and data and tool permissions restricted to the task?
- Visibility and response: Can your team audit and quickly contain actions without copying unnecessary design IP into logs?
- Workflow fit: Are your specific models, tools, regions, data volumes, and design steps supported in the proposed configuration?
Use semiconductor guidance as a risk-management aid
NIST IR 8546 is an initial public draft of a CSF 2.0 community profile for semiconductor development and manufacturing. NIST describes the profile as voluntary and risk-based, intended to complement rather than replace established standards and industry guidance. It can help structure risk discussions across design, manufacturing, suppliers, and connected systems; it is not a final binding semiconductor standard. NIST IR 8546 publication page
The cited material is primarily U.S. guidance. It does not determine export-control classification, contractual obligations, jurisdiction-specific requirements, cloud-provider retention terms, or the threat model for a particular company. Resolve those questions with the relevant legal, security, and cloud teams.
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Check the status of the guidance
- NIST IR 8320E is an initial public draft published May 29, 2026; its public comment period closed July 13, 2026.
- NIST IR 8546 is an initial public draft published February 27, 2025; its comment period is closed.
- NIST IR 8596 is an initial preliminary draft dated December 2025.
- NIST’s agent-security request for information was issued January 12, 2026; its summary analysis was published May 18, 2026. Read the summary analysis
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