The Tool Desk
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How front-running and sandwich attacks work
On a public transaction path, a pending swap can reveal its direction and likely price impact before it is confirmed. A searcher can use that information to place a trade before the swap and another after it. In a sandwich attack, those trades seek to profit from the price movement surrounding the user’s transaction, leaving the user with a worse fill than they might otherwise have received.
Uniswap Support’s explanation of sandwich attacks identifies transaction transparency and slippage as enabling conditions. Ethereum.org distinguishes this extractive behavior from other forms of maximal extractable value (MEV): arbitrage, for example, can help align prices across exchanges, and liquidations serve a different function. MEV is not automatically malicious.
What you can do before submitting a swap
Use a private transaction route when it suits the trade
Some interfaces offer private routing intended to keep trades out of the public mempool, where public-mempool bots could otherwise observe them before confirmation. Uniswap Labs’ October 24, 2025 article says that some interfaces route through private pools and that Uniswap Wallet swap protection is enabled for Ethereum Mainnet transactions. That is dated, product-specific guidance—not a guarantee about every wallet, network, or interface. Check the current documentation for the wallet and chain you plan to use.
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Private routing changes who may see or handle the order; it does not make execution risk disappear. A private route may depend on an intermediary or service provider, and its available chains, pairs, routes, and execution quality can differ. Consider those assumptions alongside the reduction in public visibility.
Consider intent-based execution or a limit order
Uniswap Labs describes UniswapX intents as going to a private network of fillers. It also describes limit orders as executing only when market conditions meet the specified target. These are different execution models, not universal protections: availability and route options depend on the product, and execution still depends on suitable liquidity and service conditions. Check what the interface promises about the route and what happens if an order cannot be filled.
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Choose a slippage tolerance deliberately
Slippage tolerance sets how much the execution may move against the quoted swap before it fails or reverts. A tighter bound can reject a worse fill, but it can also cause a legitimate swap to fail when prices move quickly. A broad bound is more likely to allow execution through adverse movement, leaving more room for a poor fill.
There is no universal percentage that suits every trade. The appropriate bound depends on the assets, pool liquidity, trade size, and volatility. Treat the setting as a trade-off between accepting more price movement and risking a failed transaction; do not widen it automatically just because a swap fails.
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Check the liquidity behind the route
A trade can move the price more in a shallow pool than in a deeper one. Uniswap Labs and Uniswap Support both point to low liquidity as a reason a trade may be more susceptible to price movement. When comparing otherwise suitable routes, consider the quoted price impact and pool depth, not just the token pair or displayed rate. Deeper liquidity can reduce price impact from a given trade, but it does not conceal a public transaction or rule out MEV.
How to compare a route or protection option
Before approving a swap, compare the relevant trade-offs rather than treating a “protected” label as a guarantee.
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| What to check | Why it matters |
|---|---|
| Who can see the order before execution | A public path exposes pending transaction details to public-mempool observers. A private route may reduce that exposure but can place visibility or handling with a service provider. |
| Supported chain, pair, and route | A feature may be limited to particular networks, assets, or execution paths. Confirm current support in the product documentation. |
| Expected fill, price impact, and fees | A route that reduces public visibility may still differ in execution quality, liquidity, or cost from another route. |
| Slippage behavior and deadline | Check the permitted adverse movement and when the transaction expires. A narrow bound can fail in volatile conditions; a broad one can permit a worse fill. |
| Service and privacy assumptions | Private or encrypted inclusion can change who handles an order and what trust, confidentiality, censorship, or execution assumptions apply. EIP-8184 discusses these considerations for encrypted inclusion paths. |
What protocol proposals do—and do not—establish
ERC-8377: reference-relative execution bounds
ERC-8377 is a draft proposal for an execution-time, reference-relative floor. Its design separates expected costs, such as pool fees and modeled price impact, from the adverse deviation a user is willing to tolerate. The motivation is that a fixed minAmountOut can become stale between quote and execution, while a wide tolerance can leave an extractable range. The proposal says its approach narrows that range; it does not eliminate MEV.
EIP-8184 and EIP-8099: proposed transaction-ordering approaches
EIP-8184, created March 4, 2026, proposes an encrypted-mempool path and discusses the trade-offs of moving from public inclusion toward intermediated private order flow. EIP-8099, created September 25, 2025, proposes blind sequencing and two-phase execution. Both are proposals in the cited documents. Their publication does not establish deployment, wallet support, or adoption.
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For developers, these proposals are design references, not assumptions to bake into a production integration. Verify that a chain, sequencer, wallet, or transaction service actually implements the relevant mechanism before relying on it. ERC-8377’s execution bounds also depend on the implementation’s reference and execution logic; a proposal alone does not change the behavior of an existing swap.
A practical pre-swap check
- Confirm the network and route. Check the wallet or interface’s current documentation for support on the chain, pair, and path you intend to use.
- Review the quote and price impact. If the route is shallow or the impact is unexpectedly high, compare another suitable route or reconsider the trade size.
- Set a slippage bound that matches the trade. Balance the risk of a worse fill against the likelihood that ordinary volatility will make the swap revert.
- Decide whether private or intent-based execution fits. Consider the route’s visibility, service assumptions, availability, costs, and expected fill—not just its protection label.
- Read the final transaction details. Confirm the minimum output, deadline, and any route or service information shown before signing.
Uniswap Labs wrote on October 24, 2025: “While no single tactic can get rid of malicious MEV forever, these tools and settings help you keep more value in your swaps.” That is the vendor’s description of its tools, not an independent effectiveness study.
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