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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware matchYes: researchers reported that data brokers would sell them identified, sensitive information about U.S. service members, veterans, and their families. A Duke University study published in November 2023 documented purchases of health, financial, and religious-practice data, with the lowest reported price at $0.12 per record. The researchers also found location data available, but did not buy it. Their work showed that data could be obtained through the approaches they tested; it did not establish that a foreign government bought or exploited a particular dataset.
What the Duke researchers demonstrated
In a 12-month study published in November 2023, Justin Sherman and coauthors at Duke University’s Sanford School of Public Policy scraped hundreds of broker websites using military- and veteran-related terms. They then contacted brokers from both a U.S. domain and a .asia domain to ask about or attempt to purchase data. The study examined what brokers advertised and what the researchers could obtain through those approaches. (Duke University Sanford School of Public Policy, 2023.)
The authors reported buying individually identified, sensitive information concerning active-duty military members, family members, and veterans. The records included health, financial, and religious-practice information; the lowest price they reported paying was $0.12 per record. That is a price observed for data the research team purchased, not a measure of the overall market or a current price for every record.
The researchers also found location data available, but explicitly said they did not purchase it. Nor does contacting brokers from a .asia domain establish that a foreign government was the buyer: the study tested a domain-based approach, not a government’s involvement or identity.
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The study is evidence about the brokers and methods examined at that time, not a current, comprehensive audit of every data broker or transaction. Its findings establish availability and successful purchases under the researchers’ test conditions, not how often foreign actors obtain such data or whether any particular record was subsequently used against someone.
Why linked personal information can become a security risk
The concern is not limited to a single sensitive field. Information that seems ordinary on its own can become more revealing when linked with other records: it may help identify a person, infer relationships or routines, or expose patterns involving personnel and their families. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) describes aggregated personal digital footprints as potential privacy, safety, counterintelligence, and operational risks for Department of Defense personnel and families. It also notes that the department can issue guidance about individuals’ public disclosures but has limited control over third parties collecting and exploiting information. (GAO, 2025.)
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The Duke study’s authors described possible uses such as profiling or targeting service members, veterans, family members, and acquaintances, including through blackmail or information campaigns. The Department of Justice (DOJ), explaining its rulemaking under Executive Order 14117, likewise said foreign actors could use covered data to track and profile military, intelligence-community, and other government-connected people for coercion, blackmail, or espionage. Those are risk rationales and potential harms—not evidence that these acts occurred in connection with the records the researchers bought. (Duke University Sanford School of Public Policy, 2023; DOJ, rulemaking account.)
How the two federal measures differ
The federal response includes two distinct measures. The Protecting Americans’ Data from Foreign Adversaries Act (PADFAA), enacted in 2024, focuses on data brokers making covered sensitive information about U.S. individuals available to foreign adversaries or entities they control. Separately, a DOJ final rule implements Executive Order 14117 and addresses specified transactions involving bulk sensitive personal data and U.S. government-related data. They should not be treated as one blanket prohibition on every data sale or transfer.
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| Measure | Main focus | Covered conduct or information | Recipients or transaction parties | Compliance features described |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PADFAA (enacted 2024) | Data brokers’ provision of covered sensitive personal data about U.S. individuals. | Prohibits a data broker from selling, licensing, renting, trading, transferring, releasing, disclosing, providing access to, or otherwise making personally identifiable sensitive data available. | A foreign-adversary country or an entity controlled by one. | The law imposes the prohibition on covered broker conduct. The cited PADFAA summary does not state numerical thresholds or a separate diligence and recordkeeping framework. |
| DOJ final rule implementing Executive Order 14117 | Specified transactions involving bulk sensitive personal data and U.S. government-related data. | Uses prohibited, restricted, and exempt transaction categories; thresholds apply to specified data classes. Specific threshold figures are not stated in the cited DOJ summary. | Parties to transactions within the rule’s defined scope; it is not described as a ban on every international transfer. | Includes diligence and recordkeeping obligations for covered transactions. |
Sources: PADFAA summary; DOJ rulemaking account. The table describes the measures at the level established by those sources, rather than supplying thresholds or definitions not stated there.
Scope matters in practice. GAO reports that, according to officials it interviewed, DOJ’s rule does not restrict all domestic data collection or every international transfer, including sales to foreign entities not associated with countries of concern. That qualification concerns the DOJ rule; it does not erase PADFAA’s separate restriction on covered broker conduct involving foreign adversaries and controlled entities. Neither measure supports the claim that every overseas sale is barred. (GAO, 2025.)
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What the FTC’s February 2026 warning letters do—and do not—show
In February 2026, the Federal Trade Commission said it had sent compliance-warning letters to 13 data brokers. The FTC said some recipients had offered insights involving a person’s Armed Forces membership and that such information is subject to PADFAA requirements. The agency’s announcement described possible civil penalties of up to $53,088 per violation.
These were warnings and a statement of the agency’s view of PADFAA’s requirements, not a finding that all recipients had been adjudicated to violate the law or that penalties had been imposed. The announcement does not establish the outcome of any later enforcement action.
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Christopher Mufarrige, then director of the FTC’s Bureau of Consumer Protection, said: “The FTC is committed to enforcing PADFAA and ensuring companies are complying with its requirements.” (FTC, February 2026.)
What readers can reasonably conclude
The strongest supported conclusion is that the Duke team was able to buy certain identified, sensitive information about military-connected people from brokers it contacted in 2023, and found location data offered without buying it. That points to a real exposure and oversight problem, but it does not quantify foreign exploitation or show that a government acquired or acted on the researchers’ records. PADFAA and the DOJ rule address defined parts of the problem; their existence does not mean every broker sale or overseas transfer is covered.
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