Indian businesses need to choose the right document for each supply, include the GST particulars that apply to that transaction, and check separately whether they must report it to an Invoice Registration Portal (IRP). A tax invoice or bill of supply is not the same thing as an e-invoice: e-invoicing is the reporting and authentication process that generates an Invoice Reference Number (IRN).
Which GST document should you issue?
A registered supplier generally issues a tax invoice for a taxable supply, subject to the CGST Act and Rules. A bill of supply is used in relevant cases such as exempt supplies and supplies by a taxpayer under the composition scheme. Which document is correct depends on the supply and the supplier’s status; e-invoice reporting is a separate question.
There are also transaction-specific documents and particulars. For example, credit and debit notes have prescribed details and must be linked to the original invoice as required by the rules. Export invoices require specified endorsements and particulars. Consult the applicable rules for the transaction rather than treating one invoice template as suitable for every case.
What details must a GST tax invoice contain?
CBIC’s CGST Rules, Rule 46, prescribe invoice particulars. Some fields depend on the recipient, supply, or transaction, so this is a checklist of common and conditional requirements—not a claim that every field applies to every invoice.
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| Particular | What to check |
|---|---|
| Supplier identification | Supplier’s name, address, and GSTIN. |
| Invoice number and date | A consecutive serial number in one or more series, unique for the financial year, and the date of issue. |
| Recipient details | Recipient’s name, address, and GSTIN or UIN when registered. For certain supplies to an unregistered recipient, additional recipient or delivery-address particulars apply. |
| Supply description | Description and the applicable HSN for goods or accounting code for services. For goods, include quantity and unit or unique quantity code where required. |
| Values and tax | Total value, taxable value, applicable tax rate, and tax amount. |
| Place of supply and delivery | For an inter-State supply, include the place of supply and State code. Include the delivery address if it differs from the recipient’s address, where required. |
| Other applicable particulars | State whether tax is payable under reverse charge and include the supplier’s signature or digital signature as applicable. |
Use the relevant invoice provisions for conditional particulars and exceptions, including those for exports, notes, and different recipient situations. A business should configure its invoice process to collect the information needed for its actual transactions, not assume every customer or supply follows the same pattern.
When must the invoice be issued?
The general timing depends on whether the supply is goods or services. The CGST Rules also contain special provisions—for example, for continuous supplies and certain inter-branch services—so these general periods should not be applied without checking whether a specific rule governs the transaction.
- Goods: issue the invoice before or at removal when the supply involves movement, or before or at delivery or making the goods available in other cases, as applicable.
- Taxable services: generally issue the invoice within 30 days of the supply. The period is 45 days for specified insurers, banks, financial institutions, including non-banking financial companies (NBFCs).
Do not confuse the time allowed to issue an invoice with the separate IRP reporting limit that applies to certain e-invoice taxpayers.
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Is an invoice required for a supply below ₹200?
Not automatically exempt from invoicing. CBIC’s sectoral FAQ describes a limited exception for a supply below ₹200 where the recipient is unregistered and does not ask for an invoice; the stated conditions must be met. The rules address consolidated invoicing where the exception applies. A value below ₹200 alone is not enough to conclude that no invoice is needed.
Who is required to e-invoice?
GSTN’s e-invoice overview states a threshold of ₹5 crore or more in aggregate turnover, effective from 1 August 2023. It describes the calculation as based on aggregate turnover in any preceding financial year from FY 2017–18 onward, counted across registrations under the same PAN. This makes the check PAN-wide, rather than a separate threshold test for each GST registration.
Crossing the turnover threshold does not, by itself, resolve every case. GSTN notes that exemptions exist, and the notified document and supply scope still matters. CBIC Circular 186/18/2022-GST clarifies that the exemption it addresses applies to the entity as a whole, rather than only to one type of supply. Check the current notification and the specific exemption claimed before deciding that a business or document is outside the mandate.
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E-invoicing means reporting specified GST document data to an IRP and obtaining an IRN and signed QR information. Merely creating a PDF, emailing an invoice, or using accounting software does not itself constitute the IRP reporting described by GSTN.
What is the 30-day e-invoice reporting rule?
From 1 April 2025, taxpayers with annual aggregate turnover (AATO) of ₹10 crore or more must report covered invoices, credit notes, and debit notes to an IRP within 30 days of the document date, according to the IRP advisory published 27 March 2025. The advisory says the IRP rejects documents reported after that period. Businesses in this turnover band therefore need controls that prevent covered documents from sitting unreported beyond the limit.
This operational reporting limit is separate from the general statutory time for issuing a service invoice. A document may have been issued within its applicable invoice-issuance period and still require timely IRP reporting if the taxpayer and document are covered.
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How does IRP reporting fit into GSTR-1?
The practical sequence for a covered document is to prepare its data in the prescribed schema, report it to an IRP, receive the IRN and signed QR information, and carry the resulting data into the business’s GST return process. GSTN’s GSTR-1 guide says e-invoice details received from the IRP update GSTR-1.
The guide gives the usual GSTR-1 due dates as the 11th of the following month for monthly filers and the 13th after the quarter for quarterly filers. Extensions can change a particular period’s deadline, so confirm the current due date rather than relying on the usual calendar dates.
A practical compliance workflow
- Confirm the supply and supplier status. Establish whether the supplier is registered and whether the supply calls for a tax invoice, bill of supply, or another prescribed document.
- Classify the transaction. Determine the fields and timing that apply, including goods or services, intra-State or inter-State treatment, recipient status, and any special category such as export or reverse charge.
- Complete and number the document. Apply the financial-year serial-number process and capture the Rule 46 particulars relevant to that transaction.
- Test e-invoice applicability. Check PAN-level aggregate turnover across the relevant preceding financial years, the current notified scope, and any applicable entity exemption.
- Report covered documents within the applicable IRP deadline. For taxpayers in the ₹10 crore-or-more AATO band, account for the 30-day restriction effective 1 April 2025.
- Reconcile the return data. Review IRP-sourced details in the GSTR-1 workflow and resolve mismatches before filing.
This is a practical sequence based on the rules and portal guidance, not a prescribed internal process for every enterprise. Businesses with exports, reverse-charge questions, exempt supplies, or an uncertain exemption position may need transaction-specific tax advice.
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For businesses within the mandate, a manual portal workflow and an ERP or accounting-software integration are process options, not different legal standards. The official guidance does not establish that a particular vendor or approach performs better. Assess the options against the business’s own volume and controls:
| Decision point | Manual portal or reporting workflow | ERP or accounting-software integration |
|---|---|---|
| Field and schema validation | Check how the process validates required data before submission. | Check whether the integration validates the prescribed schema and transaction-specific fields. |
| Timely IRP reporting | Determine how staff will track unreported documents and deadlines. | Determine whether the setup provides reliable submission controls and alerts, especially for the 30-day limit where applicable. |
| Notes and errors | Establish how credit/debit notes and rejected or incorrect submissions will be handled. | Verify how the system handles notes, errors, corrections, and any necessary re-submission. |
| GSTR-1 reconciliation | Plan how reported data will be checked against the return workflow. | Check how IRP data is carried into the accounting and return process and how discrepancies are surfaced. |
| Business fit | Assess whether the staff time and document volume make a manual process workable. | Assess compatibility with the existing accounting system, transaction volume, and support requirements. |
Software can support data handling and reporting, but selecting a tool does not determine whether a taxpayer is legally covered or guarantee compliance. Verify current product capabilities and the business’s own tax treatment independently.
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