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China Construction Bank’s deposit and loan growth can support earnings, but neither balance increase guarantees higher profit. The result depends on what the bank earns on loans and other assets, what it pays for deposits and other funding, and how credit risk and non-interest income change. CCB’s first-half 2026 results show net interest income rising year over year; its 2025 results show why balance growth alone is not enough to explain that outcome.
How deposits and loans feed into bank earnings
Loans are interest-earning assets: the bank receives interest from borrowers. Deposits are a source of funding: the bank generally pays depositors interest, and can use that funding to support loans and other assets. The difference between interest income and interest expense is net interest income (NII), a central part of a bank’s operating results.
The effect of growth depends on more than the size of the balances. Loan income reflects average balances outstanding during the period, loan yields, repricing, maturities, and borrower and product mix. Deposit expense depends on average balances, the rates paid, and the mix of deposit types. A balance reported at period-end is not the same as the average balance that generated income over the period.
Net interest margin (NIM) expresses net interest income relative to average interest-earning assets. It helps show how much the bank earns from its interest-bearing business in relation to those assets, but it is not interchangeable with NII or total profit.
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What CCB reported for the first half of 2026
China Construction Bank’s consolidated interim results for the six months ended June 30, 2026, announced August 28, 2026, show growth in both loans and deposits compared with the end of 2025. These are end-period balance comparisons; the income growth figure below is year over year.
| Measure | CCB-reported result | Comparison basis |
|---|---|---|
| Net loans | RMB 28.44 trillion | Up 5.62% from 2025 year-end |
| Total deposits | RMB 31.82 trillion | Up 3.19% from 2025 year-end |
| Net interest income | RMB 310.958 billion | Up 8.46% year over year |
| Net interest margin | 1.37% | First half of 2026 |
| Deposit interest rate | 1.11% | Down 29 basis points year over year |
| Net non-interest income | RMB 115.375 billion | Up 16.31% year over year |
| Operating income | Growth of 10.48% | Year over year |
| Non-performing loan (NPL) ratio | 1.29% | At June 30, 2026; down 0.02 percentage points from 2025 year-end |
These are bank-reported consolidated group figures, not household-only deposit totals or independent estimates. The 1.11% deposit interest rate is CCB’s reported rate for the period, not a universal rate available to individual customers. The NPL ratio describes the share of loans classified as non-performing; it is not a measure of provisions or a forecast of losses.
Why growing loan balances do not automatically lift interest income
More loans can create more interest-earning assets, but the income produced by each unit of lending matters too. CCB’s 2025 annual results illustrate the difference between balance growth and yield: average gross loans rose to RMB 27.164 trillion in 2025 from RMB 25.228 trillion in 2024, while the average yield on those loans fell to 2.84% from 3.43%.
For the full year 2025, CCB reported net interest income of RMB 572.774 billion, down 2.90% from 2024, and a net interest margin of 1.34%. The figures show that higher average loan volume can coexist with weaker interest income when yields and other factors move unfavorably. They do not, by themselves, quantify how much any single factor caused the change.
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Why deposit mix and funding cost matter
Deposits provide a funding base, but they also carry interest expense. A larger deposit balance may increase that expense; a lower average rate paid can help offset it. The mix matters as well, because deposit categories can carry different costs. In the first half of 2026, CCB said current deposits made up over 40% of total deposits and reported a deposit interest rate of 1.11%, 29 basis points lower year over year.
The 2025 annual results offer a full-year comparison: average customer deposits were RMB 29.212 trillion in 2025 versus RMB 27.837 trillion in 2024, while their average cost declined to 1.32% from 1.65%. CCB said the decline in liabilities cost was smaller than the decline in assets yield, contributing to pressure on net interest margin. In the filing’s words, “Due to asymmetric interest rate cuts, deposit rate cuts lagging behind loan rate cuts and structural changes, decline in liabilities cost was smaller than that in assets yield.”
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That comparison also shows why the 2026 interim deposit rate should not be read as an offer to customers: it is a reported bank-level result, not a quoted retail account rate. Average annual deposit balances and costs also should not be compared as if they were year-end balances or point-in-time rates.
Credit quality and non-interest income also shape results
Loan expansion increases the amount of lending exposed to potential non-payment. Credit impairment and related provisions can reduce earnings, so loan growth needs to be considered alongside credit quality and the cost of managing losses. CCB’s NPL ratio was 1.29% at June 30, 2026, 0.02 percentage points below the 2025 year-end figure. That indicator is useful context, but it does not state the amount of impairment expense recognized in the period or predict future losses.
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Interest income is not the whole income statement. CCB’s first-half 2026 net non-interest income was RMB 115.375 billion, up 16.31% year over year, and operating income grew 10.48%. These measures help explain how the wider business contributed alongside net interest income; they should not be conflated with net profit.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How to read CCB’s growth figures without overstating cause
- Check the balance basis: CCB’s first-half 2026 loan and deposit growth rates compare June 30 balances with 2025 year-end, while the 2025 annual loan and deposit figures cited above are averages for their respective years.
- Separate volume from rates: loan growth can be offset by lower asset yields; deposit growth can add funding but also add interest expense. Rates, mix and the amount of time balances were outstanding all matter.
- Keep NII distinct from total income and profit: NII captures interest earned less interest paid, while non-interest income and other expenses also affect the final result.
- Include risk: NPL ratios provide portfolio-quality context, but they are not the same as impairment charges or realized losses.
- Use the right comparison: year-over-year income growth and growth from year-end balances have different baselines and should not be presented as the same comparison.
CCB’s reports establish that its first-half 2026 NII increased year over year while its period-end loans and deposits rose from 2025 year-end. They do not isolate a counterfactual showing how much of the income change was caused specifically by deposit growth or loan growth. The supported conclusion is that balances, yields, funding costs, credit risk and other income interact; balance growth alone is not a sufficient explanation of earnings.
Quick Recap
Official results
- China Construction Bank, “Stable Progress with Higher Productivity—China Construction Bank reports 2026 interim Results” (August 28, 2026).
- China Construction Bank, “Stable Progress with New and Better Achievements: China Construction Bank reports operating results for 2025” (March 27, 2026).
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