China Construction Bank (CCB) is one of China’s largest state-owned commercial banks, but its size alone does not show whether it is stronger than its peers. Compare banks on the same basis: balance-sheet scale, full-year earnings, returns and efficiency, regulatory capital, and asset quality. On reported 2025 figures, ICBC had higher operating income and attributable profit than CCB, while Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) reported larger total assets. Those figures answer different questions, not which bank is “best.”
Which banks count as CCB’s peers?
For a focused comparison, “other large Chinese banks” can mean the other three state-owned commercial-bank megabanks: Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), Agricultural Bank of China (ABC), and Bank of China (BOC). A broader comparison could include large joint-stock commercial banks, but that is a different peer set and needs its own consistent data.
The figures below use the four-bank framing where the available official 2025 information supports it. The evidence here is not a complete four-bank ranking: BOC’s official 2025 results announcement is linked, but its financial tables are not available in the captured material.
How to make a fair comparison
- Match the reporting period. Full-year income and profit are flows earned during 2025; assets, loans, and deposits are balances measured at 31 December 2025. Do not treat them as interchangeable.
- Match the accounting basis. Use consolidated figures when comparing consolidated figures, and check whether each bank reports on the same basis and in the same currency.
- Match the metric definition. “Net profit” and “net profit attributable to equity holders” are not automatically identical. Ratios such as return on equity, non-performing loans, and capital adequacy also depend on definitions and calculation rules.
- Use scale and quality together. Assets, deposits, and loans indicate footprint; profitability, capital, and problem-loan measures help explain performance and resilience. None alone establishes investment value or customer suitability.
2025 scorecard: what the published figures show
Figures are in RMB millions unless otherwise indicated. Each bank’s annual report is the source for its figures; the underlying definitions should be checked before drawing close comparisons.
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| Measure | China Construction Bank | ICBC | Agricultural Bank of China | Bank of China |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total assets at 31 Dec 2025 | 45,631,818 | not stated in the cited 2025 report figures available here | 48,784,674 | not stated in the cited announcement |
| Customer loans at 31 Dec 2025 | Net loans and advances: 26,926,790 | not stated in the cited 2025 report figures available here | 27,134,834 | not stated in the cited announcement |
| Customer deposits at 31 Dec 2025 | 30,835,574 | not stated in the cited 2025 report figures available here | 32,649,947 | not stated in the cited announcement |
| Operating income for 2025 | 740,871 | 801,395 | not stated in the cited figures | not stated in the cited announcement |
| Net profit for 2025 | Attributable to equity shareholders: 338,906 | Attributable to equity holders of the parent: 368,562 | 292,003 | not stated in the cited announcement |
| Selected ratios | ROAA 0.79%; ROAE 10.04%; NIM 1.34%; cost-to-income 29.44%; CET1 14.63%; total capital 19.69%; NPL 1.31%; allowance-to-NPL 233.15% | not stated in the cited figures | Capital adequacy ratio 17.93% | not stated in the cited announcement |
Sources: CCB’s 2025 Annual Report; ICBC’s 2025 Annual Report; ABC’s 2025 Annual Report; BOC’s 2025 Annual Results Announcement, dated 30 March 2026. “Not stated” means the cited material does not provide a figure for that cell; it is not a zero.
What the scale figures can—and cannot—tell you
ABC reported total assets of RMB 48,784,674 million at year-end 2025, compared with CCB’s RMB 45,631,818 million. ABC also reported more customer loans and deposits than CCB, though CCB’s loan figure is stated as net loans and advances. That distinction matters: a difference in measure can make a direct ranking misleading. Even when balance-sheet definitions align, a larger bank is not automatically safer or more profitable; scale does not describe asset quality, risk concentration, or returns.
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What earnings and returns say
Profit and operating income
For 2025, ICBC reported operating income of RMB 801,395 million and net profit attributable to equity holders of the parent of RMB 368,562 million. CCB reported operating income of RMB 740,871 million and net profit attributable to equity shareholders of RMB 338,906 million. On these two reported headline measures, ICBC’s figures were higher. This does not establish which bank used its assets more effectively or carried less risk.
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ABC reported net profit of RMB 292,003 million, but that label should not be assumed to have exactly the same attribution basis as CCB’s or ICBC’s headline figure. Compare the annual reports’ definitions before using the number for a strict ranking.
Returns, margins, and costs
CCB reported a 2025 return on average assets (ROAA) of 0.79%, return on average equity (ROAE) of 10.04%, net interest margin (NIM) of 1.34%, and cost-to-income ratio of 29.44%. These indicators help explain how earnings relate to assets, equity, interest-bearing business, and operating costs. They are CCB-reported measures, not a peer ranking: comparable figures for the other banks are not stated in the figures cited here. A meaningful comparison needs matching definitions and periods.
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How to read capital and asset-quality measures
Capital
CCB reported a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 14.63%, a Tier 1 ratio of 15.47%, and a total capital ratio of 19.69% for 2025. ABC reported a capital adequacy ratio of 17.93%. Do not compare these as if they were the same ratio: ABC’s figure is a total capital adequacy measure, while CCB’s report separately gives several capital tiers. CCB also notes that its 2025 and 2024 capital data use the relevant Rules on Capital Management of Commercial Banks, while earlier-period data used the previous provisional rules. That change limits straightforward comparisons across time.
Problem loans and reserves
CCB reported a non-performing loan (NPL) ratio of 1.31%, an allowance-to-NPL ratio of 233.15%, and a loan provision ratio of 3.06% for 2025. These bank-reported measures put impaired lending and reserves in context, but they do not make a complete risk assessment. For a peer comparison, check each bank’s definitions, loan mix, and reporting date rather than treating a lower NPL ratio or higher reserve-coverage ratio as conclusive on its own.
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What this comparison means for a saver, customer, or investor
The scorecard is a starting point, not a recommendation. A personal banking customer may care more about account availability, fees, service, and local access than consolidated group profit. An investor also needs information not established by these operating figures, including valuation, dividends, risk exposure, and the investor’s own circumstances. Do not turn a single year’s profit, asset total, or regulatory ratio into a claim that one bank is universally better.
For a fuller comparison, open the original annual reports and align the same measures across all four banks. BOC’s official results page confirms its 2025 announcement date, but the figures cited here do not support a numeric BOC comparison.
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