Choose a Solana commitment level according to the consequence of acting on data that could still change. Use processed for provisional, low-risk responsiveness; confirmed for most user-facing transaction progress; and finalized before high-value settlement, fulfillment, or another action that is difficult to reverse. This is a risk policy, not a universal latency setting: verify each RPC method’s supported commitments and test the behavior of your provider.
What a Solana commitment level controls
Solana RPC methods and subscriptions use a commitment to specify how finalized a block must be before an RPC node returns data or sends a notification. The three documented levels are ordered from least to most final: processed, confirmed, and finalized.
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| Level | What it means | Operational implication |
|---|---|---|
processed |
The node’s most recently processed block. | Newest view and usually the earliest signal, but the block can be rolled back if the cluster chooses another fork. |
confirmed |
A block directly voted on by a supermajority of stake, defined by Solana as more than two-thirds of active stake. | Stronger than processed and suitable for many ordinary progress indicators, but it is not the network’s strongest finality state. |
finalized |
A block the cluster recognizes as finalized with maximum lockout. | The strongest confirmation state used by Solana and the safer threshold for consequential settlement. |
Higher commitment normally means waiting for a later state. Solana’s documentation does not promise one latency figure for every application, method, or RPC provider. A provider’s load, location, history coverage, and WebSocket delivery can all affect what your application observes.
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Use consequence, not speed, as the deciding test
Ask one question before selecting a default: What happens if this state is later replaced? If the answer is “the screen can correct itself,” a lower commitment may be acceptable. If the answer is “we ship goods, release funds, or create an irreversible record,” wait for a stronger state and verify the transaction server-side.
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| Reader need | Starting choice | How to implement it safely |
|---|---|---|
| Show a fast, provisional balance or transaction update | processed may fit |
Label the value as pending or provisional, then reconcile it at a stronger commitment. Correct the display if the observed fork changes. |
| Show ordinary transaction progress | confirmed is a practical default |
Describe it as confirmed progress, not irreversible settlement. Continue monitoring when the action has material financial consequences. |
| Fulfill an order, release a benefit, or settle a high-value payment | Prefer finalized, or define a documented risk policy |
Check the signature, require err to be null, and make fulfillment idempotent by recording the signature before acting. |
| Read rapidly changing state where freshness matters more than rollback resistance | Consider processed with reconciliation |
Use it only where a temporary wrong view is tolerable and a later read can repair the state. |
How wallets should use commitments
Balances and token activity
A wallet can use a lower commitment to make a newly submitted transfer appear quickly, but the first display should not imply that the transfer is irreversible. A practical interface can show the amount as pending while it is observed at processed, then replace that state with confirmed or finalized status as the signature advances.
For a balance that controls a user decision—such as whether a withdrawal can proceed—read at a commitment appropriate to the consequence. A provisional balance is useful for responsiveness; it is not a reliable authorization decision if a rollback would permit overspending or an incorrect withdrawal.
Transaction detail screens
Use the transaction signature as the stable identifier and show the strongest status you have actually verified. A screen may move from processed to confirmed and then finalized. It should also display failure when the status response contains a non-null err; a commitment level alone does not mean that the instruction succeeded.
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Wait for finalized before presenting a high-consequence action as complete when the user or business cannot easily undo it. Examples include releasing a large withdrawal, marking a sale settled, or granting access that cannot be revoked automatically. For routine, reversible activity, confirmed can provide a better responsiveness-to-assurance balance.
How dApps should map commitments to their workflows
Submission and optimistic UI
After submitting a transaction, a dApp can use processed to acknowledge that the network has seen a recent block containing the signature. Treat this as an optimistic or pending state. Do not use the acknowledgement by itself to grant a permanent entitlement, ship an item, or release funds.
Ordinary user-facing progress
Confirmed is often the useful middle state for a progress indicator. It represents a direct vote from more than two-thirds of active stake, so it is materially stronger than the newest processed view. Keep the wording precise: “confirmed” means the required confirmation state was observed, not that every business risk has disappeared.
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Settlement and fulfillment
For a payment, order, or other action with a high cost of reversal, wait for finalized unless your written risk policy explicitly accepts an earlier threshold. Solana’s payment guidance warns against acting on processed payments and recommends waiting for confirmed before shipping, or finalized for high-value transactions. The correct threshold depends on the value, fraud exposure, and reversibility of the action.
Subscriptions and reconnects
A WebSocket notification at one commitment is not a permanent record of the state. On reconnect, query the relevant RPC method again at the commitment your policy requires. Persist the signature and your fulfillment decision so a duplicate notification cannot trigger a second benefit.
What the timing examples do—and do not—tell you
Solana’s payment guide gives illustrative timing of about 1–2 seconds for confirmed and approximately 13 seconds for finalized. Those are guide examples, not a service-level agreement, a dated statistical study, or a guarantee for your provider and region. Design the interface around states and timeouts rather than promising users an exact number of seconds.
If a product needs a fast visual response and strong settlement assurance, separate the two: acknowledge submission quickly, show a pending state, and gate the irreversible backend action on the stronger commitment. This avoids forcing every screen update to wait for finality while still protecting the operation that matters.
Implement commitment-aware transaction verification
1. Record the signature at submission
Store the transaction signature and the business object it is intended to pay for. The signature lets you reconcile retries, reconnects, and delayed finality without treating each notification as a new payment.
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Solana’s payment guidance says to verify payments server-side through RPC instead of trusting a frontend “payment complete” message. The backend should retrieve status, inspect the confirmation level, and inspect the transaction error field before fulfilling anything.
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3. Require the policy threshold
Compare the returned confirmation status with the level required by the operation. The order is processed < confirmed < finalized; a returned stronger level satisfies an equal or weaker requirement. For example, a finalized result also satisfies a policy that requires confirmed.
4. Reject failed execution
Require err to be null. A transaction can be observed at a commitment level while its instructions still report an execution error, so “confirmed” or “finalized” is not a substitute for checking the error field.
5. Make fulfillment idempotent
Before shipping or crediting an account, look up the signature in your fulfillment table. If it has already been processed, return the existing result. Otherwise, record the signature and complete the business action in a transaction-safe manner. This prevents duplicate fulfillment when retries or repeated notifications occur.
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A processed result can later become confirmed or finalized. Keep the record pending and poll or subscribe again according to your service’s retry policy. A missing or delayed update is not automatically a failed payment.
Important RPC details that affect your choice
Defaults are method-specific
When a commitment is omitted, the default is typically finalized, but you should check the individual method reference instead of relying on a broad assumption. An application that silently depends on a default can change behavior when it switches methods or providers.
Not every method supports every level
Commitment support varies by RPC method. For example, getBlocks does not support processed. Validate the method’s parameter rules during integration and include an explicit fallback or error path rather than assuming all methods accept all three levels.
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getTransaction can return null
getTransaction accepts commitment configuration and may return null when the transaction is not found at the requested commitment. A null result is not proof that the transaction failed. The signature may not yet have reached that commitment, may have left the recent cache, or may not be covered by the node’s available history. Query status appropriately and account for the provider’s history behavior before declaring failure.
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Solana documents confirmTransaction as removed in Agave v2.0. The migration approach uses getSignatureStatuses, checks the returned confirmation status against the required level, and requires err to be null.
getSignatureStatuses itself does not accept a commitment parameter. If the signature may have left the recent status cache, set searchTransactionHistory: true. Use that option deliberately because searching older history can have different performance and availability characteristics than a recent-status lookup.
A practical verification flow for payments
- Accept the checkout request. Create an order or invoice with an amount, recipient, and expected signature once the client submits the transaction.
- Show pending status. The frontend can display that the signature was submitted, but it must not be the authority that marks the payment settled.
- Look up the signature on the server. Use an RPC endpoint that supports the required method and history range.
- Check execution. Treat a non-null
erras a failed transaction, regardless of whether the block is confirmed or finalized. - Check commitment. For normal shipping, a policy may require confirmed; for high-value settlement, require finalized. Store the policy with the order so later audits explain why fulfillment occurred.
- Deduplicate. Check whether the signature has already fulfilled the order before issuing goods, credits, or access.
- Reconcile after delivery. If the initial observation was processed or confirmed, continue checking until the policy’s final state is reached, and record any unexpected transition for review.
Selecting an RPC provider for production
Public Solana endpoints are useful for development, but Solana says shared public RPC endpoints are not intended for production. Its payment integration guidance describes them as rate-limited, without an SLA, and unsuitable for production payment flows.
Compare providers against the actual workload instead of choosing on a single advertised latency figure. The relevant questions include:
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- Does the provider support every HTTP and WebSocket method your wallet or dApp calls?
- Does it support the commitment levels required by each method?
- How fresh are responses, and what slot lag is visible during normal and busy periods?
- How much transaction history is retained, and how does an out-of-cache signature behave?
- What request, response-size, WebSocket, and rate limits apply to your traffic?
- How reliably are transactions delivered and subscriptions re-established?
- Are the regions you need served directly, and what happens during a regional outage?
- Can your fallback endpoint provide the same methods, commitments, and history semantics?
Test representative request patterns from the regions that matter to the application. Include submission, status polling, transaction retrieval, subscriptions, reconnects, and a signature that is older than the recent status cache. Solana describes provider fit as an operational decision that should be reevaluated as traffic and RPC usage change.
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Troubleshoot common commitment symptoms
“The transaction is processed, but not confirmed.”
This means your node has observed the newest processed view, while the block has not yet reached the direct-supermajority-vote threshold in the response you received. Keep the item pending, query again, and avoid irreversible fulfillment.
“It is confirmed but not finalized.”
Confirmed and finalized are different states. Continue monitoring if your policy requires finality. Do not relabel confirmed as irreversible settlement merely because it is stronger than processed.
“The transaction disappeared.”
A processed block can be rolled back during a fork. Re-query the signature at the required commitment and inspect status and err. If an earlier getTransaction call returned null, check whether the requested commitment, cache, or history coverage explains the result before concluding that the transaction failed.
“The method rejects processed.”
Check that method’s reference. Some methods do not support every commitment; getBlocks, for example, does not support processed. Change the method or use a supported commitment rather than forcing an unsupported parameter.
“Different RPC providers show different states.”
Compare the slot, commitment, history coverage, and endpoint health. A provider can be behind or have different cache and subscription behavior. Test the same request pattern from the application’s production regions and define how the client chooses a fallback.
Quick Recap
Example policy matrix
| Operation | Displayed state | Backend gate |
|---|---|---|
| Recent balance preview | Processed, marked provisional | Reconcile at confirmed or finalized before authorizing a consequential action. |
| Swap progress indicator | Confirmed for ordinary progress | Require the level specified by the product’s settlement policy before releasing proceeds. |
| Low-value digital item | Confirmed may be acceptable when reversal is manageable | Check err and deduplicate by signature. |
| High-value physical shipment | Show pending until finalized | Require finalized, a null err, and a previously unfulfilled signature. |
| Administrative or irreversible state change | Do not expose completion before the chosen threshold | Use finalized unless a documented risk policy says otherwise. |
Checklist before shipping a wallet or dApp
- Every read and subscription has an intentional commitment policy.
- The UI distinguishes pending, confirmed, finalized, and failed states.
- Irreversible actions are not triggered by a frontend message alone.
- The backend checks confirmation status and requires
errto be null. - Fulfillment is deduplicated by transaction signature.
- Null transaction responses have a retry and history-search path.
- The code uses
getSignatureStatusesrather than the removedconfirmTransactionflow when targeting Agave v2.0 or later. - Method-specific commitment support has been verified, including methods that reject
processed. - RPC provider tests cover slot lag, limits, history retention, WebSocket reconnects, and fallback behavior.
- Timing shown to users is presented as an estimate, never as a guaranteed confirmation SLA.
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