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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsBecause generating some electricity is not the same as generating enough to cover all electricity use. If demand inside a state is greater than the supply produced there during a measured period, electricity arrives over the interconnected grid and the state is a net importer. The same state can export power during other hours, then finish the day, month or year with more imports than exports.
Generation, consumption and imports are different measurements
A state can contain power plants and still need electricity from elsewhere. The relevant comparison is not “does this state generate electricity?” but “how much electricity is available inside the state compared with how much its customers and facilities use during the period being measured?”
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A simplified accounting relationship is:
Electricity serving in-state use = in-state generation + net imports
When local generation is below demand, net imports fill the gap. When local generation exceeds local use, the surplus can cross the border and the state becomes a net exporter. Published datasets may also account differently for transmission losses, power used directly by generators, international exchanges and the boundary being measured, so an imports figure is not always a literal meter reading of every electron consumed by residents.
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Gross imports are not the same as net imports
Gross imports count electricity entering a state. Net imports subtract electricity leaving it. A state might receive substantial power from neighboring areas while sending power out through another transmission path at the same time. Its net position reflects the balance of those flows, not the absence of exports.
Why electricity crosses state borders
The U.S. electric system is interconnected rather than divided into self-contained state systems. Regional transmission networks link generating plants, factories, businesses and households across state lines. When one area has more available generation than it needs and another area has a shortfall, power can flow through the transmission network.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported that electricity routinely moves among the Lower 48 states and that almost 10% of U.S. electricity generation was traded across state lines in 2023. State boundaries therefore describe a political jurisdiction, not the physical edge of the electric system.
Grid regions are different from state borders
Electric-system operators coordinate balancing over areas that can include parts of several states. Transmission paths may connect a state to multiple neighboring regions, while a single state can contain more than one operating area. A state-level statistic therefore summarizes trades across its boundary; it does not necessarily describe one isolated “state grid.”
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States usually do not choose which plant runs
State governments generally do not dispatch power plants or select the generators operating at a particular moment. As the EIA put it in its December 20, 2024 report on 2023 data: “States are not generally involved in the operation of the electric power systems and do not select which generators run at any given time.” Grid operators and market arrangements coordinate those decisions across the interconnected system.
Why a state’s position changes by hour, day and year
Demand and available generation change continuously. A state can import during a hot afternoon when air-conditioning load is high, export overnight when demand falls, and end the day as either a net importer or a net exporter. Seasonal weather, plant outages, renewable output and transmission availability can all alter the balance.
Daily totals can hide opposite hourly flows
The EIA’s California analysis illustrates the point: daily net interchange is calculated by adding hourly flows. California’s grid region had a net daily average import of 201 million kilowatt-hours in 2016, about 26% of average daily demand, yet it exported electricity during some individual hours. A daily or annual net-import label should therefore never be read as “imports in every hour.”
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Annual figures are period summaries
An annual net-import number is the sum of many changing conditions. It can reveal a persistent relationship between local demand, generation capacity and transmission connections, but it cannot tell you whether imports occurred evenly throughout the year or identify the exact source of each hour’s electricity.
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What recent state statistics show
The following figures come from EIA reports published in 2024 and 2019. They describe the specific periods shown, not permanent rankings.
| Measure | Reported result | How to interpret it |
|---|---|---|
| U.S. interstate trading, 2023 | Almost 10% of U.S. generation was traded across state lines. | Cross-border electricity exchange is a normal feature of the national system. |
| States generating more than they consumed, 2023 | 25 states had generation above consumption. | Other states were net recipients over the same accounting period. |
| Virginia, 2023 | 50.1 million megawatt-hours of net interstate receipts, equal to 36% of the state’s electricity supply. | Virginia was the largest net recipient in the EIA’s 2023 state comparison. |
| Pennsylvania, 2023 | 83.4 million megawatt-hours sent outside the state, equal to 26% of its generation. | Pennsylvania was the largest sender in that comparison. |
| California average, 2013–2017 | 89 million megawatt-hours of annual net imports. | The multi-year average indicates a sustained net-import pattern during that period. |
| Pennsylvania average, 2013–2017 | 58 million megawatt-hours of annual net exports. | The multi-year average shows a sustained net-export pattern during that period. |
Population centers with relatively less generating capacity inside their borders tend to have higher net-import shares. That describes a supply-and-demand relationship, not a claim that a state has no generators or that it is economically worse off.
Why having power plants does not eliminate imports
Local demand can be larger than local supply
A state may have substantial industrial, commercial and residential load concentrated near cities. If those users require more electricity than in-state plants can provide at a particular time, imports are needed even though local generation is operating.
Transmission creates access to a larger pool
Interstate lines let an area draw on generation outside its borders. A state does not need to build enough plants to meet every possible peak by itself if connected transmission and operating arrangements allow power to be obtained from neighboring areas. Conversely, its plants may serve customers elsewhere when local demand is lower.
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Generation is variable and plants are not interchangeable
Available output can differ from a plant’s nameplate capacity because of maintenance, outages, fuel constraints, weather or operating limits. Demand also moves independently of plant schedules. Imports provide another source when the local balance is tight; exports can occur when local output exceeds immediate use.
Long-distance links can serve a state
Imported electricity does not have to originate in the adjacent county or even the adjacent state. In a 2019 example, California imports included hydroelectric power from the Pacific Northwest over high-voltage lines running from Oregon toward Los Angeles. The transmission route demonstrates how a connected system can move power over long distances.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What an import total does—and does not—tell you about fuel
A state trade statistic records electricity crossing a boundary. It does not identify the fuel used to produce every traded megawatt-hour. The EIA specifically cautions that its state trade data do not show which fuel sources generated electricity exchanged between states.
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Outbyte Driver Updater FREEScan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Outbyte PC Repair FREEClear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →That means it is reasonable to say that a state received electricity from another area, but not to assign a precise coal, gas, nuclear, hydro or renewable percentage to that import total without separate, matching evidence. Power can also pass through intermediate areas, making a simple “imported from state X” label an incomplete description of where the underlying generation originated.
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A dated example of changing imports: New York and Canada
On July 3, 2026, New York imported 52 gigawatt-hours from Canada during a period of high heat and elevated demand, according to an EIA report published July 20, 2026. Some of that electricity flowed along the Champlain Hudson Power Express, which reached commercial operation in May 2026.
This is an illustration of how weather, demand and transmission capacity can coincide. It is not a permanent ranking of New York’s imports, proof that every imported unit used that line, or evidence that all of the state’s imports come from Canada.
How to compare states without misleading yourself
When reading a state electricity table, check the definition before drawing a conclusion. Use a consistent basis for every state in the comparison.
- Period: Confirm whether the number is hourly, daily, seasonal or annual.
- Direction: Determine whether it is gross imports, gross exports or net imports after exports are subtracted.
- Boundary: Check whether it covers a state, a balancing authority, a grid region or an international exchange.
- Denominator: Compare net imports with supply, generation or consumption as appropriate; these ratios answer different questions.
- Geography: Verify whether international flows with Canada or Mexico are included alongside interstate trade.
- Vintage: Keep the year and publication date attached to the statistic. A 2023 ranking should not be presented as a timeless position.
A high net-import share means the area relied substantially on electricity delivered from outside its boundary during that period. It does not prove that the state lacks generation, that its residents pay more or less, or that imported power came from a particular fuel.
What this means for electricity customers and state policy
For a household or business, the practical point is that reliability depends on the wider network, not only on plants located within the state. Transmission capacity, operating coordination and available generation in connected areas can affect whether demand is met during tight conditions.
Net-export status alone also does not establish that customers in the exporting state have cheaper electricity or that importing states are economically disadvantaged. Retail prices reflect many factors beyond the direction of interstate power flows, and the EIA has cautioned against treating net-export status as a standalone measure of consumer advantage.
State trade data are most useful for understanding physical and accounting relationships: where generation exceeds use, where demand requires outside supply, and how those relationships change over time. They are not, by themselves, a fuel certificate, a price forecast or a measure of state energy independence.
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