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UPI MDR (Merchant Discount Rate) is a fee for accepting certain merchant payments, not an automatic charge to the person paying. The Department of Financial Services (DFS) has announced a framework under which qualifying person-to-merchant (P2M) transactions above ₹2,000 would generally attract 0.4% MDR, subject to a ₹300 cap for transactions of ₹75,000 or more. The Ministry of Finance says consumers will not face UPI transaction charges and the DFS FAQ says merchants must not pass MDR to customers.
Those rates are described in a 15 September 2026 FAQ with a stated commencement date of 15 October 2026. The official material does not make the legal sequence fully clear: an 8 August Ministry statement described a bill requiring Parliament’s passage, while the later FAQ called the framework finalized. Treat the percentages and date as the announced framework until the enacted amendment and Gazette notification are confirmed.
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What UPI MDR is
Merchant Discount Rate is the payment-acceptance fee associated with a merchant transaction. In a card payment, an acquiring institution and other payment participants typically recover operating and processing costs through a merchant-side discount. The announced UPI framework uses the same basic idea for a limited class of UPI person-to-merchant payments: the charge is assessed on the merchant side rather than added to the shopper’s UPI payment.
UPI has more than one transaction type. A person-to-person (P2P) transfer moves money between individuals, while a person-to-merchant (P2M) payment pays a business. The Ministry of Finance has said P2P transactions will remain free. The DFS FAQ addresses selected P2M transactions and does not create a blanket fee on every UPI transfer.
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The Ministry’s 8 August 2026 statement says, “Consumers making payments will not face any transaction charges.” The DFS FAQ separately says a merchant cannot pass MDR to a UPI customer and that UPI application providers shall not impose a platform fee for UPI payments. Those are official policy statements under the announced framework; they are not a guarantee that a merchant’s prices can never change for unrelated reasons.
Ministry of Finance statement, 8 August 2026 · DFS FAQ, 15 September 2026
The announced MDR schedule
The DFS FAQ’s general schedule is threshold-based. It applies to qualifying P2M transactions above ₹2,000, not to all UPI payments. The following table reproduces the categories and limits described in that FAQ.
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A free scan shows the junk files, broken settings and background clutter dragging Windows down - then fixes them in one click.Free scan · Windows 10 & 11| Transaction or merchant category | Announced MDR treatment | Qualification |
|---|---|---|
| General qualifying P2M transaction | 0.4% of the transaction | Amount must be above ₹2,000 |
| General transaction of ₹75,000 or more | Maximum ₹300 | Cap applies to the general percentage schedule |
| P2PM small merchant receiving through UPI QR | Zero MDR | Monthly UPI QR receipts must be up to ₹1 lakh |
| Specified sectors, including railways, telecom, insurance and fuel | Flat ₹5 | Transaction must be above ₹2,000 and the sector classification must apply |
| Capital-market transaction | 0.02%, capped at ₹300 | Separate capital-market treatment in the FAQ |
A transaction amount alone therefore cannot determine the fee. The merchant’s classification, sector and monthly receipts can change the result. Credit-linked UPI products, including RuPay credit cards and pre-sanctioned credit lines, follow separate product rules and are not the direct bank-account-to-merchant-account flow covered by this MDR FAQ.
For the credit-card-linked framework, see the NPCI operating circular for RuPay credit cards linked to UPI.
How the percentage and cap work
Example: ₹3,000 payment
At the announced general rate, 0.4% of ₹3,000 is ₹12. The amount is above the ₹2,000 threshold, so it falls within the general example in the DFS FAQ.
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Example: ₹50,000 payment
0.4% of ₹50,000 is ₹200. This remains below the ₹300 maximum.
Example: ₹1,00,000 payment
0.4% would calculate to ₹400, but the announced cap limits the general MDR to ₹300 for a transaction of ₹75,000 or more.
These calculations describe the FAQ’s announced framework. They do not establish that a particular merchant’s acquiring contract will display exactly those deductions until the final legal and operational instruments are confirmed.
Will customers be charged?
Under the government’s stated policy, no. The Ministry says consumers will not face UPI transaction charges, and the DFS FAQ says consumers are not charged MDR. It also says the merchant must not pass the fee to the customer and that UPI app providers should not impose a platform fee for UPI payments.
That answer concerns the UPI transaction itself. A business could still change the price of a product or service for ordinary commercial reasons, but an added line item presented as “UPI MDR” would conflict with the FAQ’s instruction not to pass MDR to the customer. P2P transfers remain free under the Ministry’s 8 August statement.
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“MDR, if introduced, will only be threshold based and not blanketly levied to all.” — Ministry of Finance, 8 August 2026
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If a receipt or checkout screen adds a specific UPI surcharge, keep the transaction details and ask the merchant or its payment provider how the charge is classified. The official material supplied for this article does not set out a consumer complaint route or penalty schedule, so do not assume a particular remedy without checking the provider and current rules.
What merchants need to check
Merchants should not decide their treatment solely by looking at whether a single payment exceeds ₹2,000. The acquiring relationship determines onboarding, category coding, settlement and any deductions. NPCI says a merchant partners with an acquiring bank for UPI infrastructure. Its UPI FAQ describes QR, intent, application-based and collect integration modes.
- Identify the acquiring bank or payment provider. This is the organization that onboards the merchant and settles UPI receipts.
- Confirm the merchant category. Ask whether the account is coded as P2M, P2PM or a specified sector such as railways, telecom, insurance or fuel.
- Check monthly P2PM receipts. The FAQ describes zero MDR for a P2PM small merchant receiving up to ₹1 lakh per month through UPI QR. A single payment above ₹2,000 does not, by itself, remove that exemption.
- Separate funding types. A payment from a bank account is not the same product as a credit-linked UPI payment. Ask which rule governs each acceptance channel.
- Read the settlement statement. Verify the rate, cap, taxes or other contract items shown by the acquirer and compare them with the final implementation notification.
- Keep the existing QR unless the provider says otherwise. The DFS FAQ says the announced framework does not require replacement of existing QR infrastructure solely because of MDR.
There is no evidence in the official material that a merchant must buy a new QR stand, soundbox or point-of-sale terminal to comply. Hardware decisions should be based on operational needs, not on an assumption that the MDR announcement makes existing equipment invalid.
Start with NPCI’s UPI FAQ, then obtain the merchant-specific category and settlement terms from the acquiring provider.
What banks and payment providers should understand
The acquiring side is responsible for merchant acceptance infrastructure and settlement arrangements, so MDR affects how payment participants recover operating costs. The Ministry of Finance has framed a sustainable funding model as a way to support infrastructure resilience, cybersecurity and fraud prevention while reducing reliance on subsidies. Those are the Ministry’s stated policy reasons, not independently measured outcomes of the announced fee schedule.
A Ministry answer in the Lok Sabha reported approximately ₹8,730 crore in Government of India incentive support across financial years 2021–22 through 2024–25. The figure describes that government support period; it is not a fee estimate for an individual bank or merchant.
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The DFS FAQ says UPI P2M payments up to ₹2,000 account for more than 95% of P2M transaction volume. That statistic is attributed to the FAQ and should not be generalized to all UPI transactions or treated as an independent audit. The Ministry also reported 2,366 crore UPI transactions worth ₹29.9 lakh crore in July 2026, providing scale context rather than proof of what any participant should charge.
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1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteSources: Lok Sabha answer on incentive support and the Ministry of Finance release.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Why the 2026 announcement conflicts with older “zero MDR” explanations
Older articles often cite a 2019 NPCI schedule or the 2020 statutory framework. They describe different points in time and should not be copied as the current 2026 schedule.
- 30 August 2019: NPCI announced a BHIM UPI MDR structure of 0.30%, capped at ₹100, with zero MDR for certain offline QR merchants on transactions up to ₹100, effective 1 October 2019.
- 30 December 2019 and 1 January 2020: Government notifications prescribed UPI, BHIM-UPI and UPI QR under Section 269SU. Section 10A of the Payment and Settlement Systems Act prevented banks or system providers from imposing a charge on the payer or beneficiary for prescribed modes. CBDT Circular 16/2020 clarified that MDR was not applicable on or after 1 January 2020 under that framework.
- 18 August 2025: A Lok Sabha answer said there was then no proposal to impose UPI transaction charges and reported the incentive support noted above.
- 8 August 2026: The Ministry said any future MDR would be limited to merchant payments above a threshold and described a bill requiring Parliament’s passage before an NPCI-headed steering committee would decide MDR.
- 15 September 2026: The DFS FAQ published specific categories and a 15 October 2026 commencement date.
The 2019 release is available from NPCI. The 2020 tax clarification is CBDT Circular 16/2020.
Is the announced framework legally in force?
The supplied official documents leave a sequencing question. The 8 August Ministry statement presents passage of an amendment bill as a prerequisite. The 15 September DFS FAQ calls the framework finalized and gives 15 October 2026 as its effective date. Those statements do not, by themselves, prove that Parliament enacted the amendment or that the implementing Gazette notification was issued.
Before relying on a deduction, updating a merchant contract or publishing a compliance notice, verify the enacted amendment and the relevant Gazette instrument. The date in the FAQ should be described as the announced commencement date unless those legal documents confirm it. Payment rules can change quickly, and an FAQ cannot substitute for the operative law.
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Practical scenarios
A customer pays ₹1,500 to a shop
The announced general schedule is written for qualifying P2M transactions above ₹2,000. The customer is not supposed to see an MDR line item, and the merchant’s classification still matters.
A customer pays ₹3,000 to a standard merchant
If the merchant is in the general qualifying category, the FAQ’s example produces ₹12 of MDR on the merchant side. The merchant must not add that amount to the customer’s UPI payment.
A fuel transaction exceeds ₹2,000
If the acquiring provider has correctly classified the merchant in the specified sector, the FAQ describes a flat ₹5 rate rather than the general percentage.
A small QR merchant receives ₹90,000 during the month
The FAQ describes zero MDR for a P2PM merchant receiving up to ₹1 lakh per month through UPI QR. The merchant should confirm that its account is actually classified as P2PM and that the monthly measurement used by the provider matches the FAQ.
A customer uses a credit-linked UPI product
That payment follows separate product rules. Do not apply the direct bank-account-to-merchant-account MDR explanation without checking the relevant credit-linked arrangement.
Quick Recap
What to remember
- MDR is an acceptance fee associated with selected merchant transactions, not an automatic shopper fee.
- The announced general figure is 0.4% above ₹2,000, capped at ₹300 from ₹75,000, with important merchant and sector exceptions.
- P2P payments remain free under the Ministry’s stated position, and merchants are told not to pass MDR to customers.
- Merchant classification, monthly P2PM receipts, sector and funding source matter as much as the transaction amount.
- Use the acquiring bank or payment provider for the applicable category and settlement terms.
- Confirm the enacted amendment and Gazette notification before treating the 15 October 2026 date as legally operative.
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