First identify exactly what is late: a newly agreed backdated pay rise, salary you were already contractually owed, missing workplace pension contributions, or a delayed pension benefit. The route and deadline differ. Check the written award or scheme rules, calculate the amount, write to payroll or the scheme administrator, and keep every record. If a UK employment claim may be needed, contact Acas promptly because most Great Britain pay claims have a three-month limit that an internal grievance does not stop.
Classify the unpaid money before escalating
“Arrears” can describe several different problems. Classification matters because a pay dispute with an employer is handled differently from missing pension contributions, and neither should automatically be treated as a delayed pension in payment.
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| What is late | Who normally holds the information or money | First route | Important timing point |
|---|---|---|---|
| A retrospective salary increase agreed after earlier work was done | Employer payroll and HR | Check the award terms, then write to payroll or HR | It is usually payable when the award is agreed and implemented, subject to its terms |
| Salary already due under the contract but not paid in full | Employer | Written payment request, then the employer grievance process | This may be an unlawful-deduction or breach-of-contract issue; tribunal deadlines can be short |
| Workplace pension contributions missing or repeatedly late | Employer and pension scheme administrator | Ask the employer first; report qualifying concerns to The Pensions Regulator | The regulator’s guidance uses a 90-day threshold for specified missing-payment reports, not for every pension complaint |
| A pension quotation, retirement payment or other pension benefit delayed | Scheme administrator or provider | Use the scheme’s service and formal complaints procedure | The 90-day workplace-contribution guidance is not a universal waiting period for pension benefits |
The UK guidance covered here is mainly for workers and workplace scheme members ordinarily working in the UK. Employment-tribunal guidance describes the Great Britain process; Northern Ireland has a different claim route. State pensions, public-service schemes and pensions already in payment can have separate rules, so check the scheme’s own procedure.
Step 1: prove the entitlement and the date it became payable
Separate a new retrospective award from an existing arrear
A backdated pay rise is not automatically an arrear for every month it refers to. HMRC’s guidance distinguishes a retrospective award from money that was already legally due. A new award generally becomes payable when the employer agrees and implements it, although the award may specify an effective date and eligibility conditions. An arrear exists when the employee already had a contractual or other legal entitlement to a stated amount and the employer failed to pay it on time.
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Collect the pay-award letter, collective agreement, contract, staff handbook provisions and payslips. Check the effective date, who qualified, whether someone had to be employed on the announcement or payment date, and whether the terms cover people who have left. Acas says changes to main employment terms should be put in writing within one month. If you left before the award was announced, the contract and award wording determine whether your employment period is covered; ask the former employer to confirm its interpretation in writing.
Build a period-by-period calculation
List each pay period affected, the old rate, the revised rate, hours or days worked, and the gross difference. Then record deductions shown on the eventual payslip rather than assuming the net amount from the gross figure. For pension issues, compare payslips with scheme statements and contribution records. Note the employee contribution, employer contribution, dates deducted, dates expected to reach the scheme and any periods of unpaid leave or changed working hours.
Save the original documents in their existing form. Keep payslips, bank statements, award notices, contract pages, scheme correspondence and screenshots of online records. A spreadsheet is useful for arithmetic, but it is not a substitute for the underlying evidence.
Step 2: make a written payment request
Send a concise email or letter to payroll and HR. If you have left, write to the former employer’s payroll or HR contact and use a personal email address. For pension contributions or benefits, copy the scheme administrator or provider. State:
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- the award, contract term or scheme record on which you rely;
- the dates and pay periods involved;
- your calculation of the gross amount or the missing contribution dates;
- the date you expected payment or allocation;
- the documents attached or available;
- the explanation and calculation you want from the recipient; and
- a definite date by which you want a substantive response and, if accepted, payment.
Ask whether payroll has submitted a correction, whether the scheme has received the contribution, and whether any data is missing. Request a payslip or contribution statement showing how the correction was processed. Keep the sent message and all replies. A written request creates a record, but it does not guarantee payment or extend a legal deadline.
Step 3: use the employer’s grievance process for a salary dispute
If informal contact does not resolve an employer pay problem, follow the organisation’s written grievance procedure. GOV.UK guidance says a worker who has tried to resolve the issue informally can make a formal grievance in writing and can appeal an adverse decision. Set out the chronology, the contractual or award basis, your calculation, the response already received and the remedy sought.
Attend the grievance meeting with the documents arranged by date. Ask for the decision and calculation in writing. If the policy provides an appeal, use it within the stated period. A grievance can clarify facts and sometimes prompt payroll to correct an error, but it does not itself pause the time limit for an employment-tribunal claim.
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Missing workplace pension contributions: the 90-day rule and the correct regulator
Check whether the employer has actually paid
Employers normally deduct the employee contribution through payroll and pay it, together with their contribution, to the scheme. A payslip deduction does not prove that the scheme has received the money. Ask the employer for the payment date and contribution schedule, then ask the scheme to confirm the dates and amounts it has allocated. Allow for the scheme’s processing time when checking a recent deduction.
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When The Pensions Regulator may be appropriate
The Pensions Regulator says members should report concerns that an employer has not paid into a workplace pension or regularly makes late payments. Its guidance asks members to wait 90 days before reporting a missing payment because money can take up to three months to reach the scheme. The 90-day point is a reporting threshold for the specified workplace-contribution concern, not a general grace period for salary arrears or a delayed pension benefit. You do not need to wait 90 days to ask payroll or the scheme what happened.
A report should include the employer’s name and contact details, PAYE number if available, the estimated missing amount and dates, and supporting evidence such as payslips and scheme statements. The regulator can investigate compliance; it does not decide every individual compensation dispute or replace the scheme’s complaints process.
Use the scheme complaint route for administration problems
If the employer says it paid but the scheme has not allocated the money, complain to the scheme administrator under its formal procedure. If you remain dissatisfied with how the employer or scheme handled the matter, GOV.UK points to The Pensions Ombudsman. Check the scheme’s rules, required complaint stages and the relevant nation before submitting a case. These routes concern workplace arrangements and do not establish one procedure for every state pension or pension-in-payment delay.
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In Great Britain, a pay dispute may involve unlawful deductions from wages or breach of contract. GOV.UK guidance says claims generally must be made within three months of the problem happening, although the precise deadline depends on the claim and facts. Before filing, contact Acas for early conciliation. The applicable time limit is paused while early conciliation runs, and Acas issues the certificate needed to proceed if conciliation does not settle the matter.
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Do not assume that sending a grievance, waiting for a payroll review, or pursuing a pension complaint extends the tribunal clock. Contact Acas as soon as a missed payment becomes a possible legal claim and obtain advice on the exact limitation date. Northern Ireland has a different claim process, so use the relevant Northern Ireland guidance rather than the Great Britain route.
Tribunal claims are not the only possible route. A contract may specify another dispute process, and some former-employee claims have different limits. A union, Citizens Advice or an employment solicitor can help assess jurisdiction, limitation and the evidence needed.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How arrears are treated for tax
Do not confuse entitlement date with the payment date
HMRC distinguishes when earnings are received in cash from when the employee became entitled to them. Arrears of an existing entitlement are generally taxable at the time the employee first became entitled, even if the employer pays later. A retrospective pay award generally becomes an entitlement when the award is agreed and implemented, depending on its wording. That distinction is why the same-looking lump sum can require a different tax-year analysis.
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PAYE may be deducted when the lump sum is actually paid. Keep the arrears calculation and payslip, then check the tax year used by payroll and the income shown in your HMRC record. If a reconciliation appears wrong, HMRC’s manual describes asking for the arrears to be related back to the year in which they should have been paid. Ask HMRC how to correct the record and seek individual tax advice if the amount is large, crosses tax bands, affects benefits or interacts with pension contributions.
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Do not assume that every lump sum will be taxed as if it had been paid in the earlier year. The award terms, the original entitlement, payroll reporting and any later reconciliation all matter. Keep evidence of the employer’s calculation in case HMRC asks when the entitlement arose.
A current scheme-specific example: Civil Service pension quotations
The Cabinet Office’s Civil Service Pension Recovery Plan update, updated 5 October 2026, reported that the service was still working through delayed quotations. It said that, where the administrator had the necessary information, delayed pension payments and arrears would be addressed, with interest where applicable, and that finalisation letters would confirm amounts after paperwork was complete. The update reported approximately 23,000 outstanding pension quotations and said the administrator had committed to restoring service levels by the end of June.
Those figures and commitments describe the Civil Service Pension Scheme’s operational backlog at that date. They are not a payment promise for an individual member and are not evidence that other UK schemes have the same delay. A Civil Service member should still check the case status, supply missing information and use the scheme’s complaints route if the published process is not followed.
If a tribunal award or COT3 settlement is not paid
For England, Scotland and Wales, current Fair Work Agency guidance allows an eligible claimant to ask the Agency to contact the respondent and warn of a fine. For an employment-tribunal award, at least 42 days must have passed since the award was sent to both sides. For an Acas COT3 settlement, the agreed payment date must have been missed. The Agency does not collect the award as a debt-collection service; its role is penalty enforcement and naming under the stated scheme.
Quick Recap
Decision checklist
- Identify whether this is a new pay award, an existing salary entitlement, a missing workplace contribution or a delayed pension benefit.
- Find the written term, award or scheme rule and record when entitlement or payment became due.
- Calculate each affected period and preserve payslips, statements, bank records and correspondence.
- Write to the employer, payroll, former employer or administrator with a specific calculation and requested response date.
- Raise a formal grievance for an unresolved salary dispute and use any appeal stage.
- For workplace contributions, ask the employer and scheme to trace the payment; consider a regulator report after the stated 90-day threshold where the criteria are met.
- For a possible Great Britain tribunal claim, contact Acas immediately; do not wait for a grievance outcome.
- When paid, check the arrears payslip and HMRC record against the year in which entitlement arose.
- Use the scheme’s formal complaint process and verify the jurisdiction for Northern Ireland, state pensions and public-service schemes.
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