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A six-step due-diligence process
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Define exactly what the fund owns
Read the investment objective, principal strategy, eligible assets and, for an index fund, the index methodology. Establish whether the fund is active or indexed, domestic or global, equity or mixed-asset, and whether it targets owners and operators, builders, suppliers, utilities, communications, transport, energy or another sub-theme.
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Measure concentration from current holdings
Use the latest holdings report to record the largest positions, number of issuers, sector and industry weights, countries, market-cap mix and any non-diversification designation. Consider correlation as well as the number of names: companies in different industries can still react to the same rate, regulatory, commodity or government-spending shock.
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Match disclosed risks to those holdings
Read the fund’s principal-risk section and connect each risk to the businesses actually in the portfolio. Financing costs, regulation, construction delays, weather, currencies and technology changes do not affect every infrastructure fund equally.
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Calculate the full cost of ownership
Check the current fee table, trading costs, sales charges or redemption fees, account fees, bid-ask spread, portfolio turnover and possible taxable distributions. For an ETF, also compare its market price with net asset value (NAV).
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Compare performance on matching dates
Use standardized returns after expenses, a strategy-relevant benchmark and a broad-market reference for the same periods. A strong recent result is evidence of what happened, not a forecast.
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Test personal fit
Assess the fund alongside your existing holdings, time horizon, loss tolerance, liquidity needs, tax account and jurisdiction. A prospectus describes a product; it cannot determine a suitable allocation for you.
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1. Read the mandate instead of trusting the label
Start with the objective and principal strategy in the statutory prospectus. Identify the securities the fund may buy, minimum or maximum exposure rules, geographic limits and whether it can use derivatives, cash or fixed income. An “infrastructure” label can cover very different economic exposures.
Infrastructure is a portfolio definition, not a single asset class
Possible holdings include regulated utilities, airports and toll roads, rail and logistics companies, engineering and construction contractors, building-materials manufacturers, communications networks, energy transport and storage, and other firms that support infrastructure development or maintenance. Determine whether the fund owns long-lived asset operators, companies that build projects, suppliers selling into projects, or a combination. Their revenue drivers and risks can differ substantially.
Check active versus index construction
For an actively managed fund, examine the manager’s selection process, permitted industries, diversification language and any ability to change the portfolio. For an index fund, read the index methodology rather than assuming that the index name explains its exposure. Check constituent eligibility, weighting caps, rebalance dates, buffer rules and whether the fund fully replicates or samples the index.
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For example, the Themes US Infrastructure ETF describes an index of U.S. companies whose operations involve building materials and equipment, logistics, and construction and engineering services for infrastructure development and maintenance. Its methodology selects up to 100 securities, caps an individual weight at 4.5%, and generally rebalances in May and November. Those rules describe that fund’s index only; they are not a universal infrastructure standard.
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Download the most recent holdings file and calculate how much of the portfolio is exposed to the largest issuers, industries and countries. A fund can hold dozens of stocks yet remain economically concentrated if many depend on the same regulator, customer, funding source or commodity.
Questions to answer from the holdings report
- What percentage is in the top 10 positions, and how frequently does that change?
- How many issuers are held, and is the fund legally classified as diversified or non-diversified?
- What are the sector and industry weights, including utilities, transport, construction, materials, communications and energy?
- How much is domestic versus foreign, and what currencies drive the foreign positions?
- Are holdings mostly large-cap companies, or does the fund include smaller, less liquid businesses?
- Does the portfolio duplicate exposures you already own through broad-market funds?
The Themes ETF states that it is non-diversified and may reflect concentration in its index. The Goldman Sachs Global Infrastructure Fund summary likewise says it concentrates in infrastructure-group industries and may hold a larger share of assets in fewer issuers than diversified mutual funds. Treat these as fund-specific disclosures, not assumptions about every product.
Think in shocks, not just ticker counts
Ten companies can all be hurt by higher borrowing costs, a change in utility rate-setting, a construction slowdown or a government budget cut. Review the intended role of the fund: a limited satellite allocation has a different concentration consequence from using a sector fund as a core holding.
3. Map infrastructure-specific risks to actual holdings
Risk language is most useful when tied to the portfolio. Read the fund’s own principal-risk section and mark which channels are material for its largest positions.
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Financing and interest-rate sensitivity
Infrastructure projects often require substantial upfront capital, long payback periods and debt. Higher interest rates can raise refinancing costs, reduce the present value of future cash flows and make new projects less economical. Companies with regulated revenues may also face a lag before higher costs are reflected in approved rates.
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Public policy and regulation
Government spending, permits, environmental rules, tariffs, tax policy and regulated prices can alter revenue and project costs. A policy change can affect several holdings simultaneously when they operate under the same national or regional framework.
Project, operating and physical disruption
Construction delays, cost overruns, accidents, service interruptions and contractor failures can damage results. Floods, storms, fires, extreme temperatures and other disasters can interrupt operations or require large repairs. The significance depends on whether the fund owns physical operators, project builders or companies that supply them.
Economic, commodity and technology change
Demand for transport, power, communications or construction services can weaken during an economic slowdown. Commodity prices can change input costs or the profitability of energy-related holdings. New technology, substitute infrastructure or stronger competitors can reduce the value of existing assets or business models.
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Foreign-market, currency and settlement risk
Global funds add exchange-rate movements, political and legal uncertainty, differing disclosure standards, local-market liquidity and settlement practices. A foreign company can perform well in its local currency while the fund’s home-currency return is reduced by exchange rates.
Issuer and shared-sector concentration
An adverse event at one issuer can have an outsized effect when its portfolio weight is large. Shared customers, regulators, countries or funding sources can make several apparently separate holdings move together.
“You can lose money on your investment in the Fund.”
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The Themes US Infrastructure ETF statutory prospectus
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That warning is a direct description of investment risk, not a prediction of a particular loss.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.4. Compare every cost, not only the expense ratio
Use the fee table for the exact share class or ETF being considered. An annual operating-expense figure does not capture every cost you may bear.
| Cost or friction | What to check | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| Annual operating expenses | Gross and net expense ratios, waivers and their expiration dates | Reduces returns every year and can change when a waiver ends |
| Sales, redemption or account charges | Loads, transaction fees, platform or advisory charges | May apply outside the fund’s stated operating expenses |
| ETF trading costs | Bid-ask spread, commission, trading volume and market price versus NAV | Paid when you trade and potentially larger in less liquid conditions |
| Portfolio turnover | Latest turnover percentage and resulting taxable distributions | Can indicate more trading costs and create realized gains in a taxable account |
Dated examples from one filing
The 2026 prospectus for the Themes US Infrastructure ETF reports 0.29% in total annual operating expenses. It also reports 10% portfolio turnover for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025. These figures apply only to that fund and period; confirm the latest filing before investing.
ETF price, NAV and underlying liquidity
An ETF share trades on an exchange, so its market price can be above or below the value of the underlying portfolio. Review historical premiums and discounts to NAV, typical spread, trading volume, creation and redemption arrangements, and the liquidity of the underlying securities. A narrow spread and high volume are not guarantees that trading will remain inexpensive during market stress.
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Mutual-fund mechanics
For a mutual fund, verify the share class, purchase and redemption terms, dealing schedule, any front-end or back-end sales charge and account minimum. Mutual-fund orders generally receive the applicable next calculated NAV rather than an exchange price during the day; the current prospectus states the precise rules.
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5. Evaluate performance with matched benchmarks
Use the latest standardized performance table and keep the start and end dates identical for the fund and each comparison. Examine returns after expenses and, where applicable, before and after taxes. Compare two references:
- A strategy benchmark: an infrastructure index or the index named in the fund’s objective, to test implementation of the stated mandate.
- A broad-market benchmark: a diversified equity or multi-asset index appropriate to the fund’s asset class, to show the opportunity cost of concentrating in infrastructure.
Check whether the benchmark return is presented before fees, expenses and taxes, because that can make it appear better than an investable fund return. Also review multiple periods rather than selecting a fund from one unusually strong year.
As a dated illustration, the Themes US Infrastructure ETF prospectus filed in 2026 reports a 19.88% one-year return before taxes for the period ended December 31, 2025. It reports 19.83% for the Solactive United States Infrastructure Index over the same period. The benchmark figure is shown without deduction for fees, expenses or taxes. These are historical results from one fund and are not a forecast.
“The Fund’s past performance, before and after taxes, does not necessarily indicate how it will perform in the future.”
The Themes US Infrastructure ETF statutory prospectus
6. Decide whether the exposure fits your situation
After product analysis, compare the fund with your complete portfolio. List existing holdings that already provide utilities, industrials, energy, communications or foreign infrastructure exposure. A new sector fund may increase concentration without adding as much diversification as its label suggests.
Personal checks
- Time horizon: Can you hold through a prolonged project, rate or economic cycle?
- Risk capacity: Could you tolerate a substantial decline without selling to meet a near-term obligation?
- Liquidity needs: Will you need the money soon, or can you accept ETF spreads and underlying-market liquidity problems during stress?
- Tax and account type: How will dividends, capital-gain distributions, foreign withholding and sales affect your account and jurisdiction?
- Intended allocation: Is this a deliberately limited satellite position or an accidental replacement for a diversified core?
Fund tenure, assets and liquidity can provide useful context, but none establishes suitability. A prospectus also cannot determine your tax outcome or an appropriate percentage allocation.
Questions to document before placing an order
- What precise businesses and countries qualify for the fund’s infrastructure mandate?
- What are the current top-10, sector, country and currency exposures?
- Which disclosed risks are most relevant to those holdings?
- What is the complete annual and one-time cost for my share class and trading method?
- How did the fund compare with its strategy benchmark and a broad market over matching periods?
- What role will it play beside my existing investments, and what loss or liquidity risk can I actually accept?
Make the decision from evidence, not the theme
A sectoral infrastructure fund can be a focused way to obtain exposure to businesses linked to physical networks and their construction or operation. It is not automatically a diversified infrastructure portfolio, a substitute for a broad-market fund or a reliable bet on government spending. Approve an investment only after the mandate, holdings, risks, costs, trading mechanics, performance comparisons and personal fit all make sense together—and recheck the latest official documents because holdings, fees, benchmarks and terms change.
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