On the XRP Ledger (XRPL), a transaction fee and an account reserve are different obligations. The fee is a signed amount paid in drops and destroyed when the transaction is included in a validated ledger. A reserve is a minimum-balance requirement: the XRP remains in the account, but some of it is committed to keeping the account and its ledger objects active. An embedded wallet is an application-layer account and signing experience; XRPL does not prescribe one custody or key-management model for embedded wallets.
For users, the practical question is not only “How much XRP is in the wallet?” but also “How much is committed to reserve, and how much remains spendable after the next fee?” Sponsorship can shift some fee or reserve responsibility to another account, but it does not deposit XRP into the user’s wallet.
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Fees and reserves answer different questions
A fee answers: What will this transaction cost to process? A reserve answers: How much XRP must remain available for this account and the ledger objects it owns?
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- Transaction fee: The transaction’s signed
Feefield, denominated in drops, is destroyed when the transaction is included in a validated ledger. It is not returned to the sender. - Reserve: XRP held in the account but subject to a minimum-balance rule. The amount is calculated from the account’s base reserve and the objects counted against its owner reserve.
- Embedded wallet: A product interface and application process for creating or accessing an XRPL account and signing transactions. The protocol does not define whether the application, a user, a hardware device, or another arrangement controls keys.
Because these mechanisms interact, a wallet can display a positive XRP balance while having little or no spendable headroom. A useful interface therefore separates total balance, reserve required, and spendable balance after the expected fee.
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How XRPL transaction fees work
Fees are signed, paid in drops, and destroyed
Every XRPL transaction includes a Fee value. One XRP equals 1,000,000 drops. The documented minimum for a standard transaction is currently 10 drops (0.00001 XRP), although the required fee can rise when the network is under load. The fee rules and the distinction between reference and load-based fees are documented by the XRPL Transaction Cost documentation.
The selected fee is part of the transaction that is signed. An application cannot silently increase the fee after signing: changing the Fee field changes the signed payload and invalidates the signature. If a wallet obtains a quote, waits, and then submits later, it must be prepared for the required fee to have changed. It can rebuild and re-sign the transaction with a new fee, subject to the wallet’s authorization flow.
A failed transaction can still consume its fee
A transaction that reaches a validated ledger with a tec result can fail in its intended operation and still consume its fee. Applications should therefore show the fee as a cost of submission, not as a refundable deposit that is returned whenever the business operation fails. Submission monitoring should distinguish a provisional engine result from the final validated result.
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XRPL validator operators periodically express preferences for reference transaction costs and reserve settings. The network adjusts settings using the median of trusted validators’ preferences, a process described in the Fee Voting documentation. A value shown in a wallet is therefore a network setting, not a permanent protocol constant. Embedded-wallet services should query the connected network rather than hard-code a fee indefinitely.
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How account reserves work
Base reserve plus owner reserve
A funded account requires a base reserve. Ledger objects that an account owns can add an owner reserve. The XRPL documentation stated the following Mainnet settings when accessed on October 13, 2026:
| Requirement | Mainnet value documented at that date | What it applies to |
|---|---|---|
| Base reserve | 1 XRP | The account itself |
| Owner reserve increment | 0.2 XRP per qualifying item | Each counted ledger object owned by the account |
These values are not guaranteed for future ledgers or other networks. Validator fee voting can change them, and a test network or sidechain may use different settings. The Reserves documentation is the authoritative explanation of current values and object counting.
For an ordinary, unsponsored account, a simple estimate is:
Required reserve = current base reserve + (current owner reserve increment × OwnerCount)
OwnerCount is account data returned by account_info. For example, using the Mainnet values above, an account with an OwnerCount of 3 would have an estimated reserve requirement of 1.6 XRP. That example is only valid while those network settings apply and while no sponsorship changes responsibility for the objects.
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Which objects can increase the requirement?
Owner reserve depends on what the account creates and owns. The documented categories include offers, escrows, checks, NFTs and related offers or pages, signer lists, tickets, payment channels, deposit preauthorizations, oracles, and other ledger entries. Trust lines are represented by RippleState entries and have additional attribution rules.
A trust line may count toward one or both connected accounts’ owner reserve depending on which side changed the line from its default state. The first two trust lines can receive a documented special exception under specified conditions; an application should apply the current rules rather than assuming that every trust line costs the same. The RippleState reference explains how reserve ownership is attributed.
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Reserve XRP is not locked in a separate account
Reserve XRP remains part of the account’s balance. It is constrained by the minimum-balance rule rather than moved to a reserve account or burned. A transaction fee can reduce the balance below the reserve requirement because the fee is destroyed independently.
An account below its reserve can remain on the ledger. It cannot send XRP to another account or create new objects that would increase its reserve requirement. It can still submit transactions that do neither, provided it has enough XRP to pay the transaction fee. This behavior is described in the XRPL reserves guidance.
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How to calculate live reserve and spendable headroom
Do not build a production wallet around the October 2026 figures alone. Read the settings and account state from the network to which the wallet is connected.
- Read network reserve settings. Call
server_infoand readvalidated_ledger.reserve_base_xrpandvalidated_ledger.reserve_inc_xrpfor decimal XRP values. Alternatively, callserver_stateand readvalidated_ledger.reserve_baseandvalidated_ledger.reserve_incin drops. - Read the account. Call
account_infofor the account’s current balance andOwnerCount, and inspect the account’s relevant ledger objects when the product needs an object-by-object explanation. - Apply sponsorship rules. The ordinary formula is valid only for obligations borne by that account. Sponsored objects can change which account is responsible, so use the sponsorship state returned or tracked by the implementation.
- Estimate the next fee. Obtain a current fee recommendation and leave room for the transaction’s signed
Fee. A quote that sits too long can become stale during load changes. - Display headroom. A practical estimate is total balance minus the reserve obligations borne by the user minus the fee the wallet expects to sign. Label it as an estimate until the transaction is validated.
The subscribe stream also publishes validated-ledger base and incremental reserve values in drops. An application that listens for ledger updates can refresh its reserve display without waiting for a user to reopen the wallet; the fields and subscription method are documented at XRPL subscribe.
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Sponsorship is cost responsibility, not an XRP transfer
XRPL sponsorship lets one account (the sponsor) pay fees or cover reserve obligations for another account (the sponsee), subject to the Sponsor amendment and activation on the relevant network. The official documentation is explicit: “Sponsorship does not transfer XRP to the sponsee’s wallet.” The sponsee keeps control of its keys and account, while the ledger records which account bears the sponsored responsibility. See Sponsored Fees and Reserves.
This distinction matters in onboarding. A user may be able to create an account, establish a trust line, or submit a transaction without first supplying the full XRP amount that an unsponsored account would normally need. The user has not received an XRP airdrop or an on-ramp deposit; the sponsor has accepted a protocol-level cost obligation.
Co-signing
In the co-signing pattern, the sponsee and sponsor sign the same transaction. The embedded-wallet flow must coordinate both signatures before submission. This can give the sponsor transaction-by-transaction control, but it adds a second authorization step and a possible availability dependency to the user experience.
Pre-funding with SponsorshipSet
In the pre-funding pattern, the sponsor allocates funds through a SponsorshipSet transaction for later use, rather than co-signing every covered transaction. This can make routine user actions feel immediate, but the application must track the allocation and define what happens when it is exhausted. Allocation limits, approval rules, and recovery behavior are implementation-specific and should not be inferred from the protocol description.
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Self-funded and sponsored onboarding compared
| Question | Self-funded account | Sponsored arrangement |
|---|---|---|
| Who supplies XRP before the user can act? | The user or another ordinary funding process must put sufficient XRP in the account for its reserve and fees. | The sponsor can cover specified reserve obligations or fees, subject to network support and the arrangement’s rules. |
| Who pays a transaction fee? | The account submitting the transaction pays its signed fee. | The sponsor may pay according to the sponsorship mechanism; the exact covered transactions depend on the implementation. |
| Who bears reserve obligations for created objects? | The account that owns the objects bears them. | The ledger can assign covered reserve responsibility to the sponsor for sponsored objects. |
| Are two signatures required every time? | Not because of sponsorship. | Co-signing requires sponsor and sponsee signatures; pre-funding can avoid a sponsor signature on each covered transaction. |
| What if funds or allocation are insufficient? | The transaction must meet the account’s fee and reserve constraints or it will not achieve the intended result. | The transaction may require user funding, a new sponsor allocation, or a different flow; the exact fallback is product-specific. |
Sponsorship availability is not universal across networks or embedded-wallet products. Confirm that the Sponsor amendment is enabled on the target network and that the actual account and signing architecture supports the required transaction pattern.
Designing the embedded-wallet balance screen
Show three separate numbers
- Total XRP balance: The account’s current XRP amount.
- Reserve required for this account: The current base and owner obligations that the user bears, with sponsored obligations excluded or clearly marked.
- Spendable/headroom balance: The amount available after reserve obligations and the expected signed transaction fee.
Do not label the reserve as a fee, “locked XRP,” or a separate deposit. Explain that it remains in the account but limits actions while the account is below its required minimum. If sponsorship is active, identify which party covers the fee or object reserve and whether a sponsor signature is needed.
Use state-aware transaction messages
- If a user has enough total XRP but not enough headroom for a payment, explain that reserve requirements—not an extra transfer charge—are preventing the payment.
- If a fee quote is stale, request a fresh fee, rebuild the transaction, and obtain a new signature instead of editing the signed payload.
- If a transaction returns a validated
tecresult, explain that the operation failed while the fee was consumed. - If the account is below reserve, identify whether the attempted operation would send XRP or create an additional object, since those actions are restricted.
Worked examples
New unsponsored Mainnet account
Using the documented Mainnet settings of 1 XRP base reserve and 0.2 XRP per owner item, an account with no counted owner items has a 1 XRP reserve requirement. A 10-drop fee is only 0.00001 XRP, but paying it can leave an account that was exactly at 1 XRP below its reserve. That account may remain on ledger while being unable to send XRP or create a new reserve-bearing object until its balance or obligations change.
An account with three counted objects
With an OwnerCount of 3, the illustrative unsponsored requirement is 1.6 XRP under those same settings. If the account holds 2 XRP, its approximate headroom before the next fee is 0.4 XRP, not the full 2 XRP. The actual display should refresh if fee voting changes the reserve values or if sponsorship changes responsibility for an object.
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An application may arrange for a sponsor to cover the reserve associated with a qualifying object while the user signs with the user’s own key. The user’s wallet balance does not increase by the reserve amount. The interface should show that the sponsor is covering a ledger obligation, state whether co-signing is required, and explain what happens if the sponsor’s allocation is unavailable.
Operational checklist for wallet developers
- Query reserve settings from the connected network; do not hard-code Mainnet values as permanent constants.
- Read
OwnerCountand account balance from current ledger data. - Account for the object types the product creates, including trust lines and NFT-related entries.
- Represent drops and XRP consistently, making clear that 1 XRP equals 1,000,000 drops.
- Fetch a current fee, put it in the transaction before signing, and never alter it after signing.
- Handle validated
tecresults as fee-consuming outcomes. - Detect below-reserve states and explain which operations are restricted.
- When sponsorship is used, verify Sponsor-amendment support, track the responsible account, and expose co-signature or allocation requirements.
- Do not imply that sponsorship funds the user’s wallet or that every embedded-wallet provider offers it.
Bottom line
XRPL fees are destroyed transaction costs; reserves are balance requirements that remain in the account but limit what the account can do. An embedded wallet should calculate both from live ledger data, show reserve headroom separately from total XRP, and treat sponsorship as a transfer of cost responsibility—not a transfer of XRP. Because validators can change fee and reserve settings, the connected network’s current values must drive every estimate.
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