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What P2P and P2M mean
NPCI defines P2P as a payment made by one person to another person, and P2M as a payment made by a person to a merchant. These are categories carried over the same UPI payment system; they are not separate apps, accounts or payment rails.
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| Category | Recipient | Typical purpose | What identifies it |
|---|---|---|---|
| P2P | An individual | Splitting a restaurant bill, sending rent to an individual, or repaying a friend | The transaction is recorded as person-to-person; an individual QR is associated with MCC 0000 in NPCI’s QR specification |
| P2M | A business or other merchant | Paying a shop, restaurant, service provider or online seller | Merchant onboarding data, such as a merchant ID (MID/TID) and a business-category code (MCC), and a P2M classification in the transaction record |
The distinction matters for reconciliation, expense records, refunds and disputes. A payment to a business can look like an ordinary UPI transfer in a notification, while a payment to an individual can also be made by scanning a QR code. You must therefore check the transaction information rather than infer the category from the payment method alone.
Why a UPI payment method does not answer the question
UPI supports several routes, including QR payments, app-based payments, intent flows and collect requests. NPCI’s merchant FAQ says a merchant can integrate through those modes after onboarding with an acquiring bank. The same app may use UPI for both a transfer to a contact and a purchase from a business.
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A QR code is supporting context, not conclusive proof. NPCI’s QR guidance distinguishes a merchant QR, which is P2M and carries a specific MCC, from an individual QR, which is P2P with MCC 0000. Consequently:
- Scanning a QR displayed at a shop commonly leads to a merchant payment, but the QR’s mere presence does not prove P2M.
- An individual can display a personal QR and receive a P2P payment.
- A static QR may allow the payer to enter the amount, while mandatory parameters in a dynamic QR are not meant to be edited. Those technical rules do not guarantee that your app will show the classification in plain language.
The decisive evidence is the recipient and classification recorded by the payment provider. The screen design, a person’s name, a handle suffix or a QR’s colours are not universal indicators.
How to check before you approve a payment
Use the confirmation page as a final identity check. The exact labels vary by UPI app, but the sequence is broadly the same.
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- Resolve the recipient. Enter the UPI ID, choose the contact, or scan the QR. Wait for the app to resolve the payee or merchant name.
- Read the displayed name and details. A merchant QR can contain merchant information, and NPCI says the customer can see merchant information on the payment page. Check that the resolved name matches the shop, company or person you intend to pay.
- Check for a transaction-type or merchant indication. If the page says P2P, P2M, merchant, business or displays merchant details, record that information. Some apps expose only a name and UPI ID; NPCI does not promise a uniform customer-facing label across every app.
- Verify the amount and account. Confirm the amount, the last digits or bank information shown by the app, and any order or invoice reference before authorising.
- Stop if the recipient is unexpected. Do not approve a payment merely because the QR was supplied by a seller or because the name resembles the seller’s trading name. Ask the seller to confirm the resolved recipient on your screen.
For a QR payment, treat the resolved payee shown after scanning as more useful than the physical QR design. If the recipient resolves to an individual’s name when you expected a business, pause and ask the business whether it uses a personal collection account; the app’s display alone may still not establish the formal P2P/P2M category.
How to check a payment that is already complete
The transaction history is the best customer-accessible starting point. BHIM, for example, lists transaction history and allows users to review past and pending transactions. Other apps use different menus and detail fields.
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- Open the same UPI app used to pay. Go to History, Transactions, Activity or the equivalent menu.
- Select the payment. Open the full receipt or transaction-details screen rather than relying on the notification preview.
- Record the recipient information. Note the displayed payee or merchant name, UPI ID, date, amount and transaction reference (often called a UTR or transaction ID).
- Look for the category. Search the details for P2P, P2M, merchant, business, merchant ID, MID, TID or MCC. The field may be under an expandable section such as “payment details.”
- Save the receipt. Keep a screenshot or downloaded receipt if you need to reconcile expenses, request a refund or raise a dispute.
- Escalate an unclear record. If the app shows only a name or UPI ID and does not identify the category, contact your bank or the app’s support team with the transaction reference. Ask them to confirm whether the transaction was processed as P2P or P2M.
Do not assume that the sender’s contact name, a handle ending, or a merchant-looking display name is conclusive. Those are presentation details; the bank or payment provider can check the underlying transaction record.
Merchant identifiers: MID, TID and MCC
Merchant ID and terminal or outlet ID
NPCI’s merchant-onboarding FAQ describes identifiers generated by the bank, including a merchant ID (MID) and a terminal or outlet ID (TID). These identifiers connect a payment to the onboarded merchant record. A customer may see one of them in a detailed receipt, but customer apps are not required by the reviewed NPCI material to expose every backend field.
Merchant category code
An MCC classifies the merchant’s business category. NPCI says the merchant’s bank assigns an MCC during onboarding. The code can help a bank or support agent determine that a payment belongs to a merchant record, but an MCC is not the same thing as the merchant’s name and may not appear on your normal receipt.
Why these fields are stronger evidence
A merchant name can be abbreviated, and an individual may use a business-style name. MID/TID and MCC are generated or assigned as part of the acquiring-bank process, so they are more meaningful than visual clues. If you need a definitive answer for accounting or a dispute, ask support to verify the transaction using the reference and the underlying merchant data.
Using the QR type without over-interpreting it
Merchant QR
NPCI’s circular describes a merchant QR as a P2M transaction with a specific MCC. A dynamic merchant QR can include the amount and other required parameters; mandatory parameters are intended to be non-editable. A static merchant QR may require the customer to enter the amount.
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Individual QR
The same circular describes an individual QR as P2P with MCC 0000. This is why a scan-and-pay action cannot automatically be treated as a merchant purchase: an individual QR is also a legitimate QR route.
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- A QR’s appearance does not prove who owns the receiving account.
- Entering an amount manually does not prove that the payment is personal; static merchant QRs can also use a customer-entered amount.
- A merchant’s name on the confirmation screen is useful for identity checking, but only the transaction record or provider confirmation establishes the category when the app does not show it.
A practical comparison checklist for two payments
If you are comparing a payment with another receipt, use the same fields for both records. This avoids treating a missing label as evidence of the opposite category.
| Check | Payment A | Payment B | How to interpret it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Displayed recipient or merchant name | Record exactly as shown | Record exactly as shown | Useful for identity, but names alone are not definitive |
| P2P/P2M label | Shown, or not stated | Shown, or not stated | A provider label is direct evidence; “not stated” means the app did not expose it |
| MID/TID or other merchant identifier | Record if present | Record if present | Supports a merchant classification |
| MCC | Record if present | Record if present | Shows a merchant business category when supplied; individual QR specifications use MCC 0000 |
| Payment route | QR, contact, UPI ID, intent or collect | QR, contact, UPI ID, intent or collect | Context only; no route is conclusive by itself |
| Transaction reference | Save the UTR or reference | Save the UTR or reference | Required for a bank or app-support investigation |
“Not stated” is different from “P2P.” If no classification appears, leave the field unresolved until the bank or app support confirms it.
Common situations and the correct interpretation
Paying a friend through a contact
This is normally the pattern associated with P2P, but retain the receipt if the payment is being used for a formal expense. The category should come from the transaction record, not only from the fact that you selected a contact.
Paying a shop’s QR code
This is commonly P2M when the QR resolves to the onboarded merchant. Check the merchant name and details before authorising, then verify the completed receipt. If the name resolves to an individual’s account or no merchant information is shown, ask the shop and, if necessary, your bank to clarify.
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Paying a self-employed worker or small business owner
The person may accept money through a personal account or through a merchant-onboarded account. The recipient’s occupation or the purpose of the payment does not establish the category. The provider’s transaction record does.
Paying through a collect request
A collect request is a UPI route that can be used in different contexts. Review the requester’s resolved identity and the final transaction details; do not classify it solely from the fact that the request was initiated by the recipient.
Refunds and reversals
A refund or reversal entry may have its own description and reference. Keep the original payment receipt and the separate refund entry together. If you need to prove whether the original payment was P2P or P2M, quote the original transaction reference to support rather than relying on the refund narration.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What the network figures do—and do not—tell you
NPCI’s UPI Ecosystem Statistics report for August 2025 recorded:
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| Category | Volume | Value |
|---|---|---|
| P2P | 7,303.15 million transactions | ₹17,61,675.49 crore |
| P2M | 12,705.16 million transactions | ₹7,23,797.42 crore |
These are network-level totals for that month, not a lookup tool for an individual payment. They show that both categories are substantial parts of UPI activity; they cannot identify the category of your own transaction or predict how a particular app will label it.
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When the app’s information is incomplete
Different UPI apps can expose different portions of the underlying record. NPCI’s reviewed material does not promise that every customer-facing app will show a P2P/P2M label, MID, TID or MCC. Use this escalation path:
- Check the completed transaction details and any downloadable receipt.
- Copy the transaction reference, date, amount, payer bank and displayed recipient details.
- Contact the UPI app’s support channel first if the payment was initiated inside that app.
- Contact the debited bank if the app cannot answer or directs you to the bank. Ask specifically whether the transaction was classified as P2P or P2M and whether a merchant ID or MCC is attached.
- For a merchant-side status or grievance, NPCI’s FAQ directs merchants to their acquiring bank. A customer should use the bank or app support route available for the account and provide the reference.
Never send a second payment merely to test the classification. A test transfer creates another real transaction and does not resolve the first record.
Records to keep for taxes, reimbursements and disputes
- The full receipt or a screenshot showing the resolved name, amount, date and reference.
- The invoice, order number or bill when the payment was for a business purchase.
- Any merchant name, MID/TID or MCC displayed in expanded details.
- Support correspondence confirming the classification when the app did not display it.
- Separate records for the original payment, refund, reversal or chargeback-related entry.
For bookkeeping, describe an unresolved payment as “category not shown in app” until the provider confirms it. That is more accurate than labelling every QR payment as a merchant expense or every payment to a named person as personal.
The short decision rule
Use this order of confidence:
- A P2P or P2M classification in the transaction details is the clearest customer-facing answer.
- A merchant identifier or MCC in the record supports P2M; MCC
0000is associated with an individual QR in NPCI’s QR specification. - The resolved recipient or merchant name helps you verify who was paid.
- The route—QR, contact, UPI ID, intent or collect—provides context only.
- If the record remains ambiguous, obtain confirmation from the bank or UPI app support using the transaction reference.
In practical terms, check the payee before you approve, inspect the detailed receipt afterward, and treat the provider’s transaction record—not the QR code or screen design—as the authority.
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