Keep every principal and interest payment at or above the amount due on the date fixed by Canara Bank, and act as soon as any instalment may be late. Canara Bank’s customer-awareness material treats arrears below 90 days as a Special Mention Account (SMA) and says arrears equal to or beyond 90 days turn the account into a non-performing asset (NPA). Reserve Bank of India (RBI) guidance states the term-loan test as principal or interest overdue for more than 90 days. Because the wording and counting method can depend on the facility, do not wait for the 90-day boundary: clear an overdue amount or obtain a written, bank-approved resolution before the account deteriorates.
What NPA classification means for a Canara Bank borrower
An NPA is a credit account that no longer generates income for the bank under the applicable prudential classification rules. For a normal term loan, RBI guidance says the account becomes non-performing when interest and/or principal remains overdue for more than 90 days. Canara Bank’s borrower-facing material uses a practical warning that arrears below 90 days are SMA and arrears equal to or beyond 90 days turn the loan account into an NPA.
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Those descriptions should be read together, not as permission to use day 90 as a deadline. The bank-fixed due date controls when an amount becomes overdue. As RBI puts it, "Any amount due to the Bank under any credit facility is ‘overdue’ if it is not paid on the due date fixed by the Bank." A missed instalment therefore requires immediate action even if the account is still shown as standard or SMA.
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- Pay the full principal, interest and other amount due by each stated due date.
- Check the account immediately after the due date for an unpaid balance, failed debit or charge.
- If payment may fail, contact the servicing branch or an authorised Canara Bank channel before the arrears grow.
- Do not assume that a partial payment, a telephone promise or an application for restructuring changes the classification unless the bank confirms an approved arrangement in writing.
How the 90-day warning timeline works
| Account stage | What the published guidance indicates | What you should do |
|---|---|---|
| Current or regular | Payments are made according to the agreed schedule. | Keep the repayment schedule, mandate details and a payment buffer under review. |
| SMA warning period | Canara Bank describes arrears below 90 days as SMA. | Find the exact overdue amount and regularise it immediately; do not treat SMA as a grace period. |
| SMA-2 illustration | The Department of Financial Services describes principal, interest or another amount overdue between 61 and 90 days as SMA-2. | Escalate urgently to the bank and seek a written, viable resolution before the applicable NPA test is reached. |
| NPA threshold for a term loan | RBI describes more than 90 days overdue; Canara Bank’s consumer material says equal to or beyond 90 days becomes NPA. | Apply the rule in your sanction terms and facility documents, but do not wait for the boundary to pass. |
The apparent difference between "more than 90 days" in the RBI term-loan formulation and Canara Bank’s "equal to or beyond 90 days" warning reflects the need to apply the classification rule and counting convention for the particular facility. The safe borrower decision is the same: treat the first missed due date as urgent and obtain clarification from the bank rather than counting days yourself.
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Confirm exactly what is due before trying to prevent an NPA
Many avoidable defaults arise from paying the expected EMI instead of the amount actually posted to the account. Use the documents and records below to establish the bank’s figure.
- Read the sanction letter and repayment schedule. Confirm the instalment amount, due date, repayment frequency, interest terms, moratorium conditions and any step-up or balloon payment.
- Review the latest account statement. Identify principal, interest, penal or other charges, insurance or taxes if applicable, returned-debit entries and any earlier arrears.
- Check current bank communications. An SMS, letter or branch message may identify a changed amount, failed mandate or overdue component.
- Ask for a written overdue breakup. Request the amount required to regularise the account as of a specified date, with the bank’s payment instructions and any charges included.
- Reconcile the payment trail. Match each debit or transfer to the loan account number, value date and bank acknowledgement. A debit from your savings account is not proof that the loan ledger was credited correctly.
RBI says the due date and repayment structure should be specified in the loan agreement. If your statement, schedule and message conflict, preserve each document and ask Canara Bank to confirm the controlling figure in writing.
Build a payment process that prevents accidental arrears
Keep funds available before the due date
Maintain enough cleared balance for the full instalment and any amount the bank has separately notified. A last-minute transfer can fail because of a banking holiday, a transfer cut-off, a debit-mandate problem or an unrecognised charge. Funding the account several working days early gives you time to correct an error.
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After the scheduled debit, check both the source account and the loan statement. Look for a successful debit, the correct amount and the corresponding credit to the loan. If the debit was rejected or only part of the amount was posted, contact the bank immediately instead of waiting for the next reminder.
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Use a dated record
Keep a simple record of due date, amount due, amount paid, payment reference, value date and the resulting outstanding balance. Store statements, receipts, emails, branch acknowledgements and screenshots in one folder. This record helps the bank trace a posting problem and protects you from relying on memory during an escalation.
Recalculate after any loan change
An interest-rate reset, revised tenure, moratorium ending or approved rescheduling can change the instalment or due date. Replace the old calendar entry and standing instruction only after reading the written revised schedule. Do not use an old EMI amount as a proxy for the new amount.
What SMA-1 and SMA-2 should mean to you
SMA is an early-warning classification, not a safe interval. Canara Bank’s material places arrears below 90 days in SMA. The Department of Financial Services’ banking explainer describes SMA-2 as an amount overdue for 61–90 days. The exact label and day count can depend on the facility and the bank’s classification process, but the borrower response should accelerate as arrears age.
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- Verify whether the amount was actually debited and credited to the loan.
- Obtain the current overdue amount and the date by which it must be paid.
- Pay the full amount if you can, using the bank’s instructed channel.
- Ask for written confirmation that the account is regular after posting.
When the account is approaching SMA-2
- Contact the branch or authorised servicing channel with a clear explanation of the cash-flow problem.
- Submit the documents the bank requests so it can assess repayment viability.
- Ask which approved rescheduling or restructuring route, if any, is available before the NPA threshold.
- Request a dated written response and keep the complaint or application reference.
Do not describe SMA as a bank-approved extension. Unless Canara Bank approves a revised arrangement and implements it, the original due dates and classification tests continue to apply.
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Facility type changes the classification test
Term loans
For a conventional term loan, RBI’s cited framework uses the test of principal or interest remaining overdue for more than 90 days. Canara Bank’s customer guidance uses the equal-to-or-beyond-90-day warning. Your sanction letter and current bank statement should identify the product and applicable terms.
Overdraft and cash-credit facilities
These facilities use an "out of order" test rather than simply counting an unpaid EMI. RBI guidance describes relevant 90-day conditions for determining whether the account is out of order. Because drawing power, credits and outstanding limits affect the test, ask the bank for the account’s status and the amount needed to bring it back within order.
Credit cards and other specialised products
Canara Bank’s credit-card terms provide an example in which SMA-1 is after more than 30 days, SMA-2 after more than 60 days and NPA after 90 days from the payment due date. That example is specific to the credit-card product and must not be generalised to every Canara Bank loan. Agricultural and other specialised facilities may also have product-specific rules or relief provisions.
If you hold more than one type of facility, ask the bank to state the classification test for each account. Never assume that one 90-day formula applies to all of them.
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What to do if you may not be able to pay an EMI
- Contact the bank before the due date if possible. Explain the cause of the shortfall, how long it may last and what amount you can realistically pay.
- Request a current written statement. Ask for principal, interest, charges, arrears, the next due date and the amount that will regularise the account.
- Ask about approved options. Use precise terms such as regularisation, rescheduling or restructuring, and ask which route applies to your facility.
- Provide evidence promptly. The lender may need income, bank statements, business cash-flow information or documents explaining a temporary disruption. Submit only through an authorised channel and retain proof of delivery.
- Continue making affordable payments only as instructed. A partial payment may reduce the balance but does not automatically stop arrears or change classification.
- Obtain a written decision. The document should state whether the request is approved, declined or under review and what happens to the account while it is being considered.
A phone conversation can start the process, but it is not a classification waiver. The original contract remains operative unless the bank approves and implements a different arrangement.
Rescheduling, restructuring, regularisation and settlement are different
| Option | Timing and eligibility | Immediate cash requirement | Documentation and classification questions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Regularisation | Usually sought as soon as an overdue amount appears; requires payment of what the bank says is due. | Generally the full overdue amount, including applicable interest and charges. | Obtain a statement and written confirmation that the account has been brought up to date. |
| Rescheduling | May alter the repayment timetable when the lender finds the revised plan viable. | Depends on the approved plan and any amount required immediately. | Check the new due dates, instalments, interest treatment, fees and treatment of existing arrears. |
| Restructuring | RBI materials describe possible changes to repayment period, repayable amount, instalments or interest rate; approval depends on lender assessment and reasonable repayment certainty. | Depends on the approved arrangement; there is no automatic entitlement to reduced payments. | Read the sanction or modification letter, implementation date, security terms and consequences of a later missed payment. |
| Settlement | A negotiated resolution for a distressed account, subject to the bank’s policy and approval. | Requires the amount and schedule stated in the written settlement approval. | Ask how the account will be reported and whether security or legal recovery actions continue until the agreed amount is paid. |
Only the bank can decide whether a proposed arrangement is viable and whether it will prevent or cure a classification problem. Do not stop paying under the original schedule merely because an application has been submitted.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Read a revised arrangement line by line
Before signing or accepting a rescheduling or restructuring document, verify each of these points:
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- the complete instalment schedule, first payment date and final maturity;
- how existing overdue interest, fees and other arrears are treated;
- any processing, documentation, insurance or other charges;
- the date on which the change becomes effective and whether a separate payment is required before implementation;
- collateral, guarantee and covenants that remain in force or change;
- the classification status during implementation and after approval;
- the consequence of missing one payment under the revised plan; and
- the official contact for questions and the documents you will receive after the change is posted.
Keep the signed copy and the bank’s acknowledgement. If the revised schedule does not appear on the account by the stated implementation date, raise the discrepancy immediately.
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Consequences of continued default
Canara Bank says it may send reminders by SMS, telephone, letter, personal visit, bank officials or appointed agents. For an NPA account, its customer material describes possible legal notices and suit filing. If a secured account remains unresolved, the bank may take possession of and realise secured property where applicable.
These consequences are reasons to engage early, not a substitute for reading the loan agreement. A secured borrower should ask specifically what security enforcement rights apply to the facility and what action, if any, has already been initiated.
One borrower can have more than one affected facility
Canara Bank’s published disclosure states that, in the circumstances described there, asset classification can be borrower-wise rather than facility-wise. That means you should not assume that an irregular account is isolated from every other borrowing relationship with the bank. Ask Canara Bank how an irregularity in one facility affects other facilities held by the same borrower, co-borrower or guarantor, and request the answer in writing.
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How to resolve a statement or payment dispute
- Collect the sanction letter, repayment schedule, statement, payment receipt, bank-reference number and any SMS or letter.
- Mark the exact date, amount and account number involved.
- Submit a written request to the servicing branch or authorised Canara Bank channel asking for correction and a classification review, if appropriate.
- Obtain an acknowledgement or complaint reference and note the expected response date.
- Escalate through Canara Bank’s current formal grievance process if the response is incomplete or the error remains.
- Keep copies of every submission and response. Verify the current channel and escalation sequence on the bank’s official website or in your account documents because operational details can change.
A complaint does not by itself suspend repayment obligations. Continue to follow the bank’s written payment instructions while the posting or calculation issue is investigated.
Common mistakes that push an account toward NPA
- Paying on the due date without allowing processing time: a transfer or mandate can fail after the calendar date has passed.
- Paying only the familiar EMI: a rate reset, charge or earlier arrear may make the actual amount due higher.
- Relying on a partial payment: the unpaid balance can remain overdue and continue ageing.
- Waiting for a formal NPA notice: the bank’s classification process does not require you to receive a final warning first.
- Assuming an application equals approval: restructuring is lender-approved and depends on viability.
- Ignoring a failed debit because money left the savings account: the loan ledger may still show no valid credit.
- Using a credit-card example for a term loan: specialised products can have different SMA and NPA mechanics.
- Discarding records: without statements and payment references, a posting dispute is harder to establish.
A practical borrower checklist
Use this checklist every month and whenever your income changes:
- Have I read the current repayment schedule and confirmed the next due date?
- Is the full amount due available in cleared funds before that date?
- Did the debit succeed for the correct amount?
- Does the loan statement show the payment and no overdue balance?
- Have I saved the receipt, reference number and updated statement?
- If payment may fail, have I contacted Canara Bank before the due date?
- Have I requested written details of any regularisation, rescheduling or restructuring option?
- Have I read every revised term, including arrears treatment and the next payment date?
The central decision is simple: treat the first overdue amount as a problem to solve immediately. SMA-1 or SMA-2 is an opportunity to act, not a period in which to wait for the account to become an NPA.
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